No. 0386 / 1 402

Common lancehead

Bothrops atrox

名前について： The name fer-de-lance comes from French and means 'head of a lance' or 'spearhead'. The Spanish name barba amarilla means 'yellow beard', after the pale-yellow chin.1

命にかかわる地球でいちばん命にかかわる動物のひとつ。かまれたら、すぐに助けを呼ぼう。すぐの手当てと抗毒素で、ほとんどの人は助かるよ。すぐに救急番号に電話しよう。

マムシのなかま（ピットバイパー）

かむ食べもの：肉

人への危険: 命にかかわる世界でいちばん危険な動物のひとつ。

The common lancehead is a highly venomous pit viper that lives in the tropical lowlands of northern South America and on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. It is one of the most common pit vipers in its range and is not endangered. Its venom disrupts blood clotting, which makes its bite especially serious.1

すんでいる場所

Tropical lowlands of northern South America east of the Andes, and the Caribbean island of Trinidad1

南アメリカ

ホーム

It is mostly found on the ground and prefers wet forests. In Trinidad it lives from sea level up to 940 m. It is also met in coffee and banana plantations, where it hunts rodents and where workers are often bitten.1

長さ

75 cmから1.6 m (2.5 ftから5.3 ft)1

最高速度

時速約3.9 km（時速2.4マイル）

陸で, おおまかな予想

何を食べるの？

It mainly eats small mammals such as rodents and opossums, and birds, but also takes frogs, lizards, smaller snakes, fish, crayfish, centipedes and tarantulas. Larger prey is struck and released, then tracked down by its scent trail.1

Common lanceheadの写真 — Common lancehead。写真：Alexandre S. Michelotto。 CC BY-SA 4.0, iNaturalist.

見分け方

Ground colour is olive, brown, tan, grey or yellow, and rarely rusty.1
The body pattern is a series of blotches that often fuse into bands. The markings are X-like, which is why some local names refer to the letter X.1
The chin is pale yellow, and a dark stripe runs from behind the eye to the corner of the mouth.1
The irises are gold or bronze, and the tongue is black.1
Adults usually measure 75 to 125 cm in total length and are moderately heavy-bodied.1

よくまちがえられるのは： It is often confused with Bothrops asper, which was once included in this species. Most authorities now consider B. asper to be a separate species. This confusion also makes reports of its maximum size unclear.1

毒パワー

かむ

かむときに、毒が牙や歯から出るよ。

その毒（かむ・刺す毒）はどうなるの？

Its venom is haemorrhagic, meaning it damages the lining of blood vessels and uses up the substances that allow blood to clot. Symptoms can include severe bleeding, kidney failure, abnormal clotting, blisters and necrosis (death of body tissue). Bleeding in the brain can also occur. Recovery from the clotting problem has been seen 14 to 30 hours after a bite.1

人にとってどれくらい危険？

人への危険: 命にかかわる世界でいちばん危険な動物のひとつ。

The bite is serious and can be fatal. Plantation workers are often bitten. Juvenile snakes have more lethal venom that kills more quickly, and people bitten by young snakes are more likely to develop the clotting problem. In a case reported in the Brazilian Amazon, the patient died of a stroke even after antivenom was given. A Mexican polyvalent antivenom tested against it had no effect on the clotting problem.1

こわいとき、どうするの？

It is easily agitated, and it can lie camouflaged for hours, nearly undetectable, then strike at high speed.1

かまれたら

その人をじっとさせて落ちつかせ、かまれた手足を心臓と同じ高さにして、指輪やきついものをはずし、急いで病院へ。

まず必ず救急番号（112、000、911）に電話しよう。これは一般的な応急手当の案内で、医療のアドバイスではないよ。応急手当の基本

安全に過ごそう

野生の動物には、小さくても、ねているように見えても、死んでいるように見えても、ぜったいにさわったり、つかまえたり、からかったりしないこと。
近づかないで。出会ったら落ちついて、ゆっくりあとずさりして、そのまま行かせてあげよう。
かまれたら：落ちついて、じっとして、救急番号（112、000、911）に電話するか、急いで病院へ行こう。見た目をおぼえておいてね。写真があると役に立つよ。

きみをねらっているわけじゃないよ。毒はエサをとったり身を守ったりするために使うだけで、本当はかくれていたいんだ。安全に過ごすためにもっと知ろう

世界のどこ？

アフリカアジアヨーロッパ北アメリカ南アメリカオーストラリアとオセアニア

どれくらい大きい？

どれくらい長い？

飼いネコ3匹を鼻からしっぽまでならべた長さバナナ9本をたてにならべた長さ100 mを92秒で走れる（いちばん速い人間は9.6秒）

Common lanceheadは、きみとくらべてどれくらい大きい？

ブラウザで計算しているだけ。何も保存されないし、どこにも送られないよ。

どれくらい速い？

リクガメ 時速約0.3 km (0.19 mph)

Common lancehead 時速約3.9 km (2.4 mph)

歩いている人 時速約5 km (3.1 mph)

知っておく価値あり

データ

An enzyme called reptilase, or batroxobin, is taken from its venom and used in modern medical laboratories to measure fibrinogen levels and blood clotting. The enzyme is not affected by heparin.1

Although it is mostly terrestrial, it is an excellent swimmer and will climb trees when needed to reach prey.1

Females with developing embryos move in and out of sunlight to keep themselves and the embryos at a constant temperature.1

Venom yield averages 124 milligrams, but can reach 342 milligrams.1

Despite the large-scale destruction of rainforests, it is among the most numerous and common of pit vipers.1

毒のエキスパート向け

学名: Bothrops atrox
グループ: マムシのなかま（ピットバイパー）
家族: Viperidae2
ならびかえ: Squamata
大陸: 南アメリカ
赤ちゃん: It gives birth to live young, up to 80 at once, with an average of about 60 per litter in equatorial regions after a gestation of three to four months.1
野生でのようす: Not endangered1
人への危険: 5 / 5: 命にかかわる3