No. 0389 / 1 402

Golden lancehead

Bothrops insularis

名前について： Its common name comes from the light yellowish-brown colour of its underside and from its lance-shaped head, which is typical of the genus Bothrops.1

命をうばうこともある治療しないと命にかかわる。かまれたら、急いで助けを呼ぼう。

マムシのなかま（ピットバイパー）

かむ食べもの：肉

人への危険: とても危険治療を受けないと、人の命をうばうことがある。

The golden lancehead is an extremely venomous pit viper that lives only on one small Brazilian island, Ilha da Queimada Grande. It is one of the most venomous snakes in Latin America. Because the island is uninhabited and closed to visitors, it is very unlikely that people will ever meet one.1

すんでいる場所

Ilha da Queimada Grande (Snake Island), off the coast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Found nowhere else in the wild.1

南アメリカ

ホーム

The island has forest, clearings and shrubs, and a mild climate that stays between 18 °C and just over 22 °C. The rocky terrain makes the island hard to reach, and no humans or other mammals live there. The snake hunts in trees and shelters in leaf litter or rock crevices.1

長さ

70 cmから1.2 m (2.3 ftから3.9 ft)1

最高速度

時速約3.5 km（時速2.2マイル）

陸で, おおまかな予想

何を食べるの？

Adults mostly eat perching birds and also lizards, and may sometimes eat other golden lanceheads. After biting prey, it keeps the animal in its mouth instead of releasing it and tracking it, which is thought to suit hunting birds.1

Golden lanceheadの写真 — Golden lancehead。写真：Nayeryouakim。 CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.

見分け方

Pale yellowish-brown body with a series of dorsal blotches that may be triangular or square.1
Belly is a uniform pale yellow or cream.1
Lance-shaped head that comes to a point at the nose.1
No well-defined stripe running behind the eye.1
Has a longer tail than its closest relative, B. jararaca.1

よくまちがえられるのは： Its closest relative is B. jararaca, which lives in southern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina. The golden lancehead can be told apart from it mainly by its longer tail.1

毒パワー

かむ

かむときに、毒が牙や歯から出るよ。

その毒（かむ・刺す毒）はどうなるの？

Its venom is adapted to the animals of the island, mainly reptiles, arthropods and migrating birds, so it works better on these than on mammals. Chemical analysis suggests it is five times as potent as the venom of B. jararaca and is the fastest-acting venom in the genus Bothrops. Its venom becomes more potent as the snake matures. Effects reported in envenomations include swelling, pain, nausea, vomiting, blood blisters, bruising, bleeding into the gut and brain, kidney failure and severe muscle damage.1

人にとってどれくらい危険？

人への危険: とても危険治療を受けないと、人の命をうばうことがある。

No official report of a human bite from this species has been made, because the island is uninhabited. Other lanceheads cause more human deaths than any other group of snakes in North or South America. One researcher reports four human envenomations by this species, three of which were fatal. For lanceheads in general, the mortality rate is 0.5 to 3.0% with treatment and 7.0% without it.1

かまれたら

その人をじっとさせて落ちつかせ、かまれた手足を心臓と同じ高さにして、指輪やきついものをはずし、急いで病院へ。

まず必ず救急番号（112、000、911）に電話しよう。これは一般的な応急手当の案内で、医療のアドバイスではないよ。応急手当の基本

安全に過ごそう

野生の動物には、小さくても、ねているように見えても、死んでいるように見えても、ぜったいにさわったり、つかまえたり、からかったりしないこと。
近づかないで。出会ったら落ちついて、ゆっくりあとずさりして、そのまま行かせてあげよう。
かまれたら：落ちついて、じっとして、救急番号（112、000、911）に電話するか、急いで病院へ行こう。見た目をおぼえておいてね。写真があると役に立つよ。

きみをねらっているわけじゃないよ。毒はエサをとったり身を守ったりするために使うだけで、本当はかくれていたいんだ。安全に過ごすためにもっと知ろう

世界のどこ？

アフリカアジアヨーロッパ北アメリカ南アメリカオーストラリアとオセアニア

どれくらい大きい？

どれくらい長い？

飼いネコ2.5匹を鼻からしっぽまでならべた長さバナナ7本をたてにならべた長さ100 mを100秒で走れる（いちばん速い人間は9.6秒）

Golden lanceheadは、きみとくらべてどれくらい大きい？

ブラウザで計算しているだけ。何も保存されないし、どこにも送られないよ。

どれくらい速い？

リクガメ 時速約0.3 km (0.19 mph)

Golden lancehead 時速約3.5 km (2.2 mph)

歩いている人 時速約5 km (3.1 mph)

知っておく価値あり

データ

Its venom is thought to be five times as potent as that of its closest relative, B. jararaca.1

Its venom has evolved to suit the animals of its island, which has no native mammals.1

Its tail is longer than that of its closest relative, which may help it climb through trees and catch larger birds from a younger age.1

The island's population was estimated at between 2,414 and 2,899 snakes in 2021.1

Travel to the island is strictly prohibited by the Brazilian government.1

It is found only on Ilha da Queimada Grande, an island of about 43 hectares, and nowhere else in the wild.1

毒のエキスパート向け

学名: Bothrops insularis
グループ: マムシのなかま（ピットバイパー）
家族: Viperidae2
ならびかえ: Squamata
大陸: 南アメリカ
赤ちゃん: Like most vipers, it gives birth to live young. The average number of young per pregnancy is 6.5.1
野生でのようす: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List)1
人への危険: 4 / 5: とても危険3