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Rinkhals

Hemachatus haemachatus

Anahitaji daktariMara chache huua, lakini kuumwa au sumu machoni kunahitaji daktari.

Swila, koboko na ngoshwe

Hunyunyiza au kutemaHula: Nyama

Hatari kwa watu: MbayaKuumwa au sumu machoni kunahitaji daktari. Vifo ni nadra sana.

The rinkhals is a venomous snake that lives in southern Africa. It is often called the ring-necked spitting cobra, but it is not a true cobra. It is known for spitting venom at threats rather than relying on its bite.1

Anaishi

Southern Africa: South Africa, Lesotho and Eswatini, with an isolated Zimbabwe population that may be extinct1

Afrika

Nyumbani

It prefers grasslands, from the coast up to altitudes of 2,000 m. It is extremely common on the Highveld and in the grasslands of KwaZulu-Natal. Because it eats frogs and toads, it is often found near wetlands.1

Urefu

90 cm hadi 1.1 m (3 ft hadi 3.6 ft)1

Kasi ya juu

takriban km 6.9 kwa saa (maili 4.3 kwa saa)

Nchi kavu, makadirio

Hula nini?

It hunts during the daytime and will prey on any vertebrate small enough to eat. Toads are its most common food in the wild, but it also eats rodents and small lizards.1

Picha ya Rinkhals — Rinkhals. Picha: ProfbergerLee R. Berger. CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons.

Jinsi ya kumtambua

Its belly is dark, with one or two light-coloured crossbands on the throat.1
Its usual total length, including the tail, is 90 to 110 cm.1
Colour varies. Some individuals are mostly black, while others are striped.1
When distressed, it spreads its hood to show a striped neck.1
Its dorsal scales are keeled, which means they have a ridge down the middle.1

Mara nyingi huchanganywa na: It closely resembles true cobras, which belong to the genus Naja. Its keeled dorsal scales and the lack of solid teeth on the maxilla (upper jaw bone) set it apart, and these differences are why it is placed in its own genus, Hemachatus.1

Nguvu ya sumu

Hunyunyiza au kutema

Hunyunyiza au kutema kimiminika kinachowasha kwa washambulizi.

Sumu yake hufanya nini?

Its venom is neurotoxic, meaning it attacks the nerves, and partially cytotoxic, meaning it destroys body tissue. A bite causes great pain and can lead to necrosis (death of tissue). General symptoms include drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, violent abdominal pain, cramps and vertigo, and local swelling and bruising occur in about a quarter of cases.1

Ana hatari gani kwa watu?

Hatari kwa watu: MbayaKuumwa au sumu machoni kunahitaji daktari. Vifo ni nadra sana.

Bites are rare, because the snake relies on other defences first. Most bites happen when people try to handle it. No fatality from a rinkhals bite has been recorded in over 40 years.1

Habari njema: madaktari wana dawa (ya kuzuia sumu) au matibabu ya hili.1

Hufanya nini akiogopa?

When threatened, it spreads its hood, hisses and lunges while spitting venom accurately up to 3 m, usually aiming at the face and eyes. If other defences fail, it may bite, and it can also roll over with its mouth open and tongue out.1

Akiuma au kutema

Polyvalent antivenom is effective for treating rinkhals envenomation. If venom gets into the eyes, it causes great pain and inflammation, and corneal damage can occur if left untreated. Timely first aid and eye-washing will usually lead to recovery after a few days.1
Mweke mtu bila kutikisika na mtulivu, ondoa pete na vitu vinavyobana, na umpeleke hospitali haraka: dawa ya kuzuia sumu ndiyo tiba.
Sumu ikitemewa machoni, yasafishe mara moja kwa maji mengi safi.

Daima piga namba ya dharura kwanza (112, 000, 911). Huu ni mwongozo wa jumla wa huduma ya kwanza, si ushauri wa kitabibu. Misingi ya huduma ya kwanza

Kaa salama

Kamwe usimguse, kumkamata wala kumchokoza mnyama wa porini, hata akiwa mdogo, na hata akionekana amelala au amekufa.
Mpe nafasi. Ukikutana naye, tulia, rudi nyuma polepole na umwache aende zake.
Akikuuma au akikutemea sumu machoni: tulia, usitikisike, piga namba yako ya dharura (112, 000, 911) au nenda hospitali haraka. Kumbuka alivyoonekana, picha husaidia.

Hakuwindi wewe. Hutumia sumu yake kukamata chakula au kujilinda, na hupendelea zaidi kujificha. Zaidi kuhusu kukaa salama

Wapi duniani?

Afrika Asia Ulaya Amerika Kaskazini Amerika Kusini Australia na Oceania

Ana ukubwa gani?

Ana urefu gani?

urefu sawa na paka wa nyumbani 2 kutoka pua hadi mkiaurefu sawa na ndizi 6 zilizopangwa mstariangeweza kukimbia mita 100 kwa sekunde 52 (binadamu mwenye kasi zaidi anahitaji 9.6)

Rinkhals ana ukubwa gani ukilinganisha na WEWE?

Ni hesabu tu kwenye kivinjari chako. Hakuna kinachohifadhiwa wala kutumwa popote.

Ana kasi gani?

Mtu anayetembea takriban km 5 kwa saa (3.1 mph)

Rinkhals takriban km 6.9 kwa saa (4.3 mph)

Mtoto kwenye baiskeli takriban km 12 kwa saa (7.5 mph)

inafaa kujua

Ukweli

When threatened, it can play dead by rolling onto its back with its mouth open and tongue out. This behaviour, called thanatosis, is also seen in some other snakes.1

It can spit venom accurately at targets up to 3 m away and has good control over its venom glands.1

Unlike true cobras, which lay eggs, it gives birth to live young.1

It is not a true cobra. It belongs to its own genus, Hemachatus, which has only one species.1

Kuvunja dhana potofu

Dhana potofu: The rinkhals is a true cobra.

Ukweli: It bears a great resemblance to true cobras, but it belongs to the genus Hemachatus rather than Naja, so it is not a true cobra.1

Kwa wataalamu wa sumu

Jina la kisayansi: Hemachatus haemachatus
Kundi: Swila, koboko na ngoshwe
Familia: Elapidae2
Mpangilio: Squamata
Mabara: Afrika
Watoto: It gives birth to live young rather than laying eggs. A litter usually has around 20 to 30 young, though some females give birth to over 60, typically in late summer (December to March in the southern hemisphere).1
Hatari kwa watu: 3 / 5: Mbaya3

Ukweli unatoka wapi

Rinkhals (Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0))
Hemachatus haemachatus (iNaturalist): majina na uainishaji.
Venom Wiki: kiwango cha hatari, ukubwa wa kawaida na makadirio ya kasi ni yetu wenyewe. Ona jinsi tunavyovipata: Jinsi tunavyopima hatari.

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