第 0036 号，共 1 402 张

Rinkhals

Hemachatus haemachatus

需要看医生很少致命，但被咬了或毒液进了眼睛，要去看医生。

会喷或会吐吃：肉

The rinkhals is a venomous snake that lives in southern Africa. It is often called the ring-necked spitting cobra, but it is not a true cobra. It is known for spitting venom at threats rather than relying on its bite.1

生活在

Southern Africa: South Africa, Lesotho and Eswatini, with an isolated Zimbabwe population that may be extinct1

非洲

首页

It prefers grasslands, from the coast up to altitudes of 2,000 m. It is extremely common on the Highveld and in the grasslands of KwaZulu-Natal. Because it eats frogs and toads, it is often found near wetlands.1

长度

90 cm到1.1 m (3 ft到3.6 ft)1

最高速度

约 6.9 公里/小时（4.3 英里/小时）

在陆地上, 粗略估计

它吃什么？

It hunts during the daytime and will prey on any vertebrate small enough to eat. Toads are its most common food in the wild, but it also eats rodents and small lizards.1

Rinkhals的照片 — Rinkhals。照片：ProfbergerLee R. Berger。 CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎样认出它

Its belly is dark, with one or two light-coloured crossbands on the throat.1
Its usual total length, including the tail, is 90 to 110 cm.1
Colour varies. Some individuals are mostly black, while others are striped.1
When distressed, it spreads its hood to show a striped neck.1
Its dorsal scales are keeled, which means they have a ridge down the middle.1

常被误认为： It closely resembles true cobras, which belong to the genus Naja. Its keeled dorsal scales and the lack of solid teeth on the maxilla (upper jaw bone) set it apart, and these differences are why it is placed in its own genus, Hemachatus.1

毒液之力

会喷或会吐

它会向攻击者喷射刺激性液体。

它的毒液会造成什么？

Its venom is neurotoxic, meaning it attacks the nerves, and partially cytotoxic, meaning it destroys body tissue. A bite causes great pain and can lead to necrosis (death of tissue). General symptoms include drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, violent abdominal pain, cramps and vertigo, and local swelling and bruising occur in about a quarter of cases.1

它对人有多危险？

对人的危险: 严重被咬了或毒液进了眼睛，要去看医生。死亡非常罕见。

Bites are rare, because the snake relies on other defences first. Most bites happen when people try to handle it. No fatality from a rinkhals bite has been recorded in over 40 years.1

好消息：医生有药（抗毒血清）或治疗方法。1

它害怕时会做什么？

When threatened, it spreads its hood, hisses and lunges while spitting venom accurately up to 3 m, usually aiming at the face and eyes. If other defences fail, it may bite, and it can also roll over with its mouth open and tongue out.1

如果它咬人或吐毒液

Polyvalent antivenom is effective for treating rinkhals envenomation. If venom gets into the eyes, it causes great pain and inflammation, and corneal damage can occur if left untreated. Timely first aid and eye-washing will usually lead to recovery after a few days.1
让人保持安静不动，摘下戒指和紧身物品，尽快送医院：抗毒血清是治疗方法。
如果毒液被喷进眼睛，立刻用大量清水冲洗。

一定先拨打你的急救电话（112、000、911）。这里是一般急救指导，不是医疗建议。急救基础

注意安全

永远不要摸、抓或逗弄野生动物，即使是很小的，即使它看起来在睡觉或已经死了。
给它留出空间。如果遇到它，保持冷静，慢慢后退，让它走自己的路。
如果它咬了你或朝你眼睛吐了毒液：保持冷静，保持不动，拨打你的急救电话（112、000、911）或尽快去医院。记住它长什么样，拍张照片会有帮助。

它不是冲着你来的。它用毒液捕猎或保护自己，而且它更愿意躲起来。更多安全知识

在世界哪里？

非洲亚洲欧洲北美洲南美洲澳大利亚和大洋洲

它有多大？

它有多长？

和 2 只家猫鼻子接尾巴一样长和 6 根香蕉首尾相接一样长52 秒就能跑完 100 米（最快的人需要 9.6 秒）

Rinkhals和你比起来有多大？

只是在你的浏览器里算一算。什么都不会被保存或发送到任何地方。

它有多快？

一个在走路的人 约 5 公里/小时 (3.1 mph)

Rinkhals 约 6.9 公里/小时 (4.3 mph)

一个骑自行车的孩子 约 12 公里/小时 (7.5 mph)

值得了解

事实

When threatened, it can play dead by rolling onto its back with its mouth open and tongue out. This behaviour, called thanatosis, is also seen in some other snakes.1

It can spit venom accurately at targets up to 3 m away and has good control over its venom glands.1

Unlike true cobras, which lay eggs, it gives birth to live young.1

It is not a true cobra. It belongs to its own genus, Hemachatus, which has only one species.1

谣言粉碎机

谣言： The rinkhals is a true cobra.

真相： It bears a great resemblance to true cobras, but it belongs to the genus Hemachatus rather than Naja, so it is not a true cobra.1

给毒液专家

学名: Hemachatus haemachatus
类别: 眼镜蛇、曼巴蛇和环蛇
家人: Elapidae2
排序: Squamata
大洲: 非洲
宝宝: It gives birth to live young rather than laying eggs. A litter usually has around 20 to 30 young, though some females give birth to over 60, typically in late summer (December to March in the southern hemisphere).1
对人的危险: 3 / 5: 严重3