第 0004 号，共 1 402 张

Caspian cobra

Naja oxiana

名字的由来： Naja is a Latin form of the Sanskrit word for cobra, and oxiana comes from Oxus, the ancient name of the Amu Darya river.1

致命地球上最致命的动物之一。如果它咬了你，立刻呼救。快速救治和抗毒血清能救活大多数人。立刻拨打急救电话。

眼镜蛇、曼巴蛇和环蛇

咬伤吃：肉

对人的危险: 致命世界上最危险的动物之一。

The Caspian cobra is a highly venomous snake that lives in Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Many scientists consider it the most venomous cobra in the world. It is also a strong swimmer and a good climber.1

生活在

Central Asia, Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, Pakistan and far northern India1

亚洲

首页

It lives in dry, rocky or stony foothills covered with shrubs or scrub, up to about 3,000 m above sea level. It is often found near water and rarely far from it, and it lives in holes in embankments or in trees.1

长度

1 m到1.7 m (3.3 ft到5.6 ft)1

最高速度

约 7.5 公里/小时（4.7 英里/小时）

在陆地上, 粗略估计

它吃什么？

It feeds mostly on small mammals and amphibians, and sometimes on fish, birds and their eggs. It also reportedly eats other snakes.1

Caspian cobra的照片 — Caspian cobra。照片：Omid Mozaffari。 CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎样认出它

Adults are light to chocolate brown or yellowish, with no hood marks and no spots on the throat.1
Juveniles are pale and faded, with dark and light cross-bands of about equal width around the body.1
The hood is long and tapers gradually, unlike the rounder hood of some other cobras.1
It has several dark bands under the throat.1
It is never fully black, although some individuals can be quite dark.1

常被误认为： The Caspian cobra is often confused with the Indian cobra, and the two live side by side in Pakistan and northern India. Indian cobras without a hood mark look similar. In the black form of the Indian cobra from Pakistan, almost the whole throat is black, while the Caspian cobra has several dark throat bands and is never fully black.1

毒液之力

咬伤

它咬的时候，毒液通过毒牙或牙齿出来。

它的毒液会造成什么？

Its venom is mainly neurotoxic, meaning it attacks the nerves, and most of the venom is made of short neurotoxins. It also contains cytotoxins, which can kill cells, and enzymes called nucleases, which damage tissue at the bite. Severe pain and swelling appear quickly, and weakness, drowsiness and paralysis of the throat and limbs can appear within an hour. The venom can also affect the heart during the first few hours, and at least one heart attack after a bite has been recorded.1

它对人有多危险？

对人的危险: 致命世界上最危险的动物之一。

It is regarded as the most dangerous snake in Central Asia and has a high death rate. Between 1979 and 1987, 136 confirmed bites were attributed to it in the former Soviet Union. Of these, 8 people died after receiving antivenom, and 11 of the 15 who did not receive antivenom died. In Iran, it causes more deaths from snakebite than any other snake in the country. Without treatment, death can come in as little as 45 minutes or be delayed for up to 24 hours.1

好消息：医生有药（抗毒血清）或治疗方法。1

它害怕时会做什么？

It tends to avoid people, but when cornered or provoked it spreads its hood, hisses, sways from side to side and strikes repeatedly.1

如果它咬人

Medical treatment with antivenom is essential, because untreated bites are often fatal. Symptoms can worsen rapidly without treatment, so urgent medical care is needed.1
让人保持安静不动，摘下戒指和紧身物品，尽快送医院：抗毒血清是治疗方法。

一定先拨打你的急救电话（112、000、911）。这里是一般急救指导，不是医疗建议。急救基础

注意安全

永远不要摸、抓或逗弄野生动物，即使是很小的，即使它看起来在睡觉或已经死了。
给它留出空间。如果遇到它，保持冷静，慢慢后退，让它走自己的路。
如果被它咬了：保持冷静，保持不动，拨打你的急救电话（112、000、911）或尽快去医院。记住它长什么样，拍张照片会有帮助。

它不是冲着你来的。它用毒液捕猎或保护自己，而且它更愿意躲起来。更多安全知识

在世界哪里？

非洲亚洲欧洲北美洲南美洲澳大利亚和大洋洲

它有多大？

它有多长？

和 3 只家猫鼻子接尾巴一样长和 9 根香蕉首尾相接一样长48 秒就能跑完 100 米（最快的人需要 9.6 秒）

Caspian cobra和你比起来有多大？

只是在你的浏览器里算一算。什么都不会被保存或发送到任何地方。

它有多快？

一个在走路的人 约 5 公里/小时 (3.1 mph)

Caspian cobra 约 7.5 公里/小时 (4.7 mph)

一个骑自行车的孩子 约 12 公里/小时 (7.5 mph)

值得了解

事实

Many toxinological studies suggest that the Caspian cobra is the most venomous cobra in the world.1

A ribonuclease called ribonuclease V1, purified from its venom, is used as a laboratory reagent in molecular biology because it can break down structured RNA.1

It cannot spit venom, but it is a good climber and an able swimmer.1

It is the westernmost species of Asiatic cobra, and it can be found at heights of up to about 3,000 m.1

For most of the twentieth century it was treated as a subspecies of the Indian cobra, until genetic analysis showed it was a separate species.1