第 0290 号，共 1 402 张

Nose-horned viper

Vipera ammodytes

名字的由来： The scientific name ammodytes comes from Greek words meaning 'sand' and 'burrower' or 'diver', even though it prefers rocky places rather than sand.1

可致命不治疗可能会要你的命。如果它咬了你，赶快求助。

蝰蛇

咬伤吃：肉

对人的危险: 非常危险不治疗可能会害死人。

The nose-horned viper is a venomous snake with a small, soft horn on the tip of its snout. It lives on dry, rocky hillsides in northern Italy, the Balkans and parts of Asia Minor. It is often described as the most dangerous snake in Europe, so it is worth knowing what it looks like.1

生活在

Northern Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Georgia and Syria, with records in southern Austria, Romania and Bulgaria.1

欧洲, 亚洲

首页

It mainly lives on dry, rocky hillsides with sparse plants. It is sometimes found in woodland edges and clearings, and near people on railway embankments, farmland and vineyards where rubble piles and stone walls are present. At lower latitudes it may be found above 2000 m.1

长度

14 cm到85 cm (5.5 in到2.8 ft)1

最高速度

约 3.5 公里/小时（2.2 英里/小时）

在陆地上, 粗略估计

它吃什么？

Adults mainly eat small mammals and birds, and juveniles mostly eat lizards. Larger prey is struck, released, tracked and then swallowed, while smaller prey is swallowed without using the venom.1

Nose-horned viper的照片 — Nose-horned viper。照片：Holger Krisp。 CC BY 3.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎样认出它

A single small, soft and flexible horn on the snout, about 5 mm long.1
Males have a dark blotch or V-shaped marking on the back of the head and a thick black stripe running from behind the eye to the jaw.1
Males usually have a black tongue and a golden or coppery iris.1
Females are browner, with a less contrasting pattern and no dark blotch on the head.1
Both sexes have a dark zigzag stripe along the back, and the tail tip may be yellow, orange, red or green.1

毒液之力

咬伤

它咬的时候，毒液通过毒牙或牙齿出来。

它的毒液会造成什么？

The venom has both proteolytic (breaks down tissue) and neurotoxic (attacks the nerves) parts, and it contains blood-clotting agents. Bites cause pain, swelling and discolouration, which may start straight away, and there are also reports of dizziness and tingling. Humans respond rapidly to this venom.1

它对人有多危险？

对人的危险: 非常危险不治疗可能会害死人。

It is likely the most dangerous snake found in Europe, and in some areas it is a significant medical risk. The venom is rarely deadly when hospital care is available. It is generally lethargic and not aggressive, and it tends not to bite without considerable provocation.1

好消息：医生有药（抗毒血清）或治疗方法。1

它害怕时会做什么？

When surprised, some individuals stay still and hiss loudly, some hiss and then flee, and others try to bite immediately.1

如果它咬人

Get to a hospital: the venom is rarely deadly when hospital care is available.1
让人保持安静不动，被咬的肢体与心脏保持同一高度，摘下戒指和紧身物品，尽快送医院。

一定先拨打你的急救电话（112、000、911）。这里是一般急救指导，不是医疗建议。急救基础

注意安全

永远不要摸、抓或逗弄野生动物，即使是很小的，即使它看起来在睡觉或已经死了。
给它留出空间。如果遇到它，保持冷静，慢慢后退，让它走自己的路。
如果被它咬了：保持冷静，保持不动，拨打你的急救电话（112、000、911）或尽快去医院。记住它长什么样，拍张照片会有帮助。

它不是冲着你来的。它用毒液捕猎或保护自己，而且它更愿意躲起来。更多安全知识

在世界哪里？

非洲亚洲欧洲北美洲南美洲澳大利亚和大洋洲

它有多大？

它有多长？

和 1.5 只家猫鼻子接尾巴一样长和 5 根香蕉首尾相接一样长100 秒就能跑完 100 米（最快的人需要 9.6 秒）

Nose-horned viper和你比起来有多大？

只是在你的浏览器里算一算。什么都不会被保存或发送到任何地方。

它有多快？

一只陆龟 约 0.3 公里/小时 (0.19 mph)

Nose-horned viper 约 3.5 公里/小时 (2.2 mph)

一个在走路的人 约 5 公里/小时 (3.1 mph)

值得了解

事实

Its venom is used to make antivenin for the bites of other European vipers, and the snake is farmed for this purpose.1

Its horn is soft and flexible, not hard like a true horn.1

Before mating, males perform a combat dance, similar to that of adders.1

On one island, snakes were smaller than elsewhere, which suggests regional or island dwarfism.1

It hibernates for two to six months each year, depending on conditions.1

It is ovoviviparous, meaning the eggs hatch inside the mother, so the young are born alive.1

谣言粉碎机

谣言： Because of its reputation, it is an aggressive snake that bites readily.

真相： It is generally lethargic and not at all aggressive. It tends not to bite without considerable provocation.1

给毒液专家

学名: Vipera ammodytes
类别: 蝰蛇
家人: Viperidae2
排序: Squamata
大洲: 欧洲, 亚洲
宝宝: It gives birth to live young, with one to twenty born in late summer or autumn (August to October). The young are 14 to 24 cm long at birth.1
它在野外过得怎么样: Strictly protected (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention1
对人的危险: 4 / 5: 非常危险3