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Black-necked spitting cobra 的卡通圖
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Black-necked spitting cobra

Naja nigricollis
名字的由來： The scientific name comes from Latin: 'niger' means black and 'collis' means neck. The genus name Naja comes from the Sanskrit word for cobra.1
可能致命不治療的話可能會害死你。如果牠咬了你，或把毒液噴進你的眼睛，要趕快求救。
眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇 噴射或吐出吃：肉
對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

The black-necked spitting cobra is a venomous snake found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. It can squirt venom from its fangs at a threat, and that venom can cause permanent blindness if it gets into the eyes. Its colours vary a lot from place to place.1

分布在
Mostly sub-Saharan Africa, in western, eastern, central and parts of southern Africa. Absent from the Congo Basin rainforests.1
非洲
首頁
It usually lives in savanna and semi-desert, up to 1,800 metres, and also in moist savanna and cleared former forest, especially near rivers and streams. It is often met in villages and small towns, where it may come into direct contact with people. It hides in tree trunks, termite mounds and rodent holes.1
長度
1,2 m 到 2,2 m (3,9 ft 到 7,2 ft)1
最高速度
大約 7,8 km/h（4,8 mph）
在陸地上, 粗略估計
牠吃什麼？
It feeds mainly on small rodents such as small rats and mice. It also eats birds, fishes, lizards, eggs and other snakes.1
是真的！Black-necked spitting cobra 的照片
Black-necked spitting cobra。照片：Nigel Voaden。 CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎麼認出牠

  • Moderately sized, with a moderately distinct head, and grows to 1.2 to 2.2 metres.1
  • Many specimens have a broad black neck band, often with an orange or pinkish bar on the neck.1
  • Colours vary by region: black or pale grey, yellowish-brown, deep reddish-brown, olive brown, striped black and white, or totally white with dark eyes.1
  • Some have a yellow or reddish belly, while others lack the neck bands and belly colour.1

毒液力量

噴射或吐出

牠會對攻擊者噴出或吐出刺痛的液體。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

Its venom is mostly cytotoxic, meaning it destroys cells, and it also has typical elapid neurotoxic (nerve-attacking) effects and cardiotoxic (heart-damaging) components. A bite causes severe bleeding from the wound, tissue death around the bite, and difficulty breathing. Venom in the eyes causes extreme burning pain, loss of coordination, partial loss of vision, and permanent blindness.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

Its venom is medically significant. The death rate for untreated bites is about 5 to 10%, and under 1% in areas where it is common. When death occurs, it is usually from paralysis of the diaphragm, the muscle used for breathing.1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

It spits venom from its fangs at a threat, reaching up to 7 metres with good accuracy. It also bites readily, even with only slight provocation.1

如果牠咬人或噴毒液

  • If venom gets into the eyes, it should be washed off, because permanent blindness can follow if it is not. Anyone bitten should get medical treatment, as untreated bites carry a much higher risk of death.1
  • 讓傷者保持不動和冷靜，取下戒指和緊身的東西，並趕快送醫院：抗毒血清就是治療方法。
  • 如果毒液噴進眼睛，立刻用大量乾淨的水沖洗眼睛。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。 急救基本知識

注意安全

  • 絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
  • 給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
  • 如果被牠咬了，或毒液噴進你的眼睛：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。 更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

Black-necked spitting cobra 大約 2,2 m 長 (7,2 ft)大人的腳踏車 大約 1,8 m (5,9 ft)一台汽車 大約 4,5 m (15 ft)
跟 4 隻家貓從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 12 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 46 秒內跑完 100 公尺（最快的人類需要 9.6 秒）

Black-necked spitting cobra 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

值得知道

小知識

1

It can spit venom accurately more than 7 metres away.1

2

In 1944, a British eye surgeon, Major Harold Ridley, described eye damage from a spit from this cobra in Ghana. He treated the man and followed his case until the eye fully recovered.1

3

A single bite can deliver 200 to 350 mg of venom (dry weight), according to a 1974 study by Minton.1

4

It is an excellent tree climber and can live in trees at times.1

5

Wild-caught individuals tend to be nervous and spit readily, while captive-bred animals are much calmer.1

6

It can be active at night or during the day, depending on the season, location and temperature.1

破解迷思

迷思： Spitting cobras only spit venom and do not bite.

真相： The black-necked spitting cobra also bites, and it will do so with only slight provocation.1

給毒液專家

學名
Naja nigricollis
類群
眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇
家人
Elapidae2
排序
Squamata
各大洲
非洲
寶寶
Females usually lay 10 to 15 eggs, though they can lay between 8 and 22. The young are about 20 to 25 cm long at birth and are fully independent.1
對人的危險
4 / 5: 非常危險3

知識的出處

  1. Black-necked spitting cobra (Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0))
  2. Naja nigricollis (iNaturalist): 名稱和分類。
  3. Venom Wiki: 危險等級、一般大小和速度估計都是我們自己定的。看看我們是怎麼算出來的： 我們怎麼評估危險.

這一頁的每個知識都有一個數字，指向它的出處。如果我們寫錯了，對不起，我們是動物迷，不是科學期刊。寫信到 [email protected] 告訴我們，我們會修正。

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同一類群的其他動物: 眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇

Black mamba眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇致命Egyptian cobra眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇致命Cape cobra眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇致命Eastern green mamba眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇致命Jameson's mamba眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇致命Western green mamba眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇致命

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