第 0338 號，共 1 402 號

Indian saw-scaled viper

Echis carinatus

致命地球上最致命的動物之一。如果牠咬了你，要立刻求救。快速救援和抗毒血清能救活大多數人。立刻打緊急電話。

咬吃：肉

The saw-scaled viper is a small, venomous snake of the Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is the smallest of the 'big four' Indian snakes that cause the most snakebite cases and deaths. It is easy to miss, which is one reason it causes so many bites.1

分布在

Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, from India and Sri Lanka to Iraq and Afghanistan1

亞洲

首頁

It lives on sand, rock, soft soil and in scrubland, and is often found hiding under loose rocks. During the day it hides in deep mammal burrows, rock cracks and rotted logs, and in sandy ground it may bury itself, leaving only the head showing.1

長度

38 cm 到 80 cm (1,2 ft 到 2,6 ft)1

最高速度

大約 3,3 km/h（2,1 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

It feeds on rodents, lizards, frogs and a range of arthropods, including scorpions, centipedes and large insects. Its diet changes with what prey is available.1

Indian saw-scaled viper 的照片 — Indian saw-scaled viper。照片：Shantanu Kuveskar。 CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎麼認出牠

Small, usually no more than 60 cm long in total1
Pale buff, grey, reddish, olive or pale brown body with whitish spots edged in dark brown1
A whitish cross or trident pattern on the top of the head1
A faint stripe running from the eye to the angle of the jaw1
Whitish to pinkish belly, sometimes with brown dots1

毒液力量

咬

咬的時候，毒液會從毒牙或牙齒出來。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

Its venom causes swelling and pain within minutes of a bite, and the swelling can spread up the whole limb within 12 to 24 hours, with blisters forming on the skin. The more dangerous effects are whole-body: bleeding and clotting problems, bleeding from the stomach, lungs, nose or urine, and possible shock. Most patients produce little or no urine within a few hours to six days after the bite.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 致命世界上最危險的動物之一。

About 20% of its bites used to be fatal, but deaths are now quite rare because antivenom is available. It is one of the species responsible for the most snakebite cases because it is inconspicuous and extremely aggressive.1

好消息：醫生有藥（抗毒血清）或治療方法。1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

When threatened it forms a double coil in a figure of eight, with its head in the centre, so it can lash out like a released spring.1

如果牠咬人

Antivenin therapy and intravenous hydration within hours of the bite are vital for survival.1
讓傷者保持不動和冷靜，讓被咬的手臂或腿保持在和心臟一樣的高度，取下戒指和緊身的東西，並趕快送醫院。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果被牠咬了：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 1,5 隻家貓從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 4 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 110 秒內跑完 100 公尺（最快的人類需要 9.6 秒）

Indian saw-scaled viper 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Indian saw-scaled viper 大約 3,3 km/h (2,1 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

On average it produces about 18 mg of dry venom, with a recorded maximum of 72 mg. The lethal dose for an adult is estimated at only 5 mg.1

When it rains, up to 80% of the adult population may climb into bushes and trees. Once, about 20 individuals were seen massed on one cactus or small shrub.1

It moves mainly by sidewinding, a method it is very skilled at and surprisingly quick with. Only two points of its body touch the hot ground, which may help it avoid overheating.1

Its venom is used to make several drugs, including echistatin, an anticoagulant that can be made by chemical synthesis, and ecarin, used in a clotting test.1

In the northern parts of its range, it hibernates in winter.1

給毒液專家

學名: Echis carinatus
類群: 蝰蛇
家人: Viperidae2
排序: Squamata
各大洲: 亞洲
寶寶: It gives birth to live young (ovoviviparous), usually 3 to 15 per litter, each 115 to 152 mm long.1
對人的危險: 5 / 5: 致命3