第 0288 號，共 1 402 號

Common European adder

Vipera berus

名字的由來： The word 'adder' comes from the Old English word nædre, which meant snake.1

需要看醫生很少致命，但被咬了需要看醫生。

蝰蛇

咬吃：肉

對人的危險: 嚴重被咬了需要看醫生。死亡案例非常罕見。

The common European adder is a venomous snake that lives across much of Europe and as far east as East Asia. In several European countries it is the only native venomous snake. It is not aggressive and usually bites only when it is cornered, stepped on or picked up.1

分布在

Europe, across Russia to the Pacific Ocean, plus Sakhalin, North Korea, northern Mongolia and northern China1

歐洲, 亞洲

首頁

It lives in many kinds of land, including chalky downs, moors, heaths, meadows, woodland edges, hedgerows, coastal dunes, stone quarries and rubbish tips. It also enters wetlands if there is dry ground nearby, so it may be found on the banks of streams, lakes and ponds.1

長度

60 cm 到 90 cm (2 ft 到 3 ft)1

體重

50 g 到 180 g (1,8 oz 到 6 oz)1

最高速度

大約 3,4 km/h（2,1 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

It mainly eats small mammals such as mice, rats, voles and shrews, along with lizards and amphibians such as frogs, newts and salamanders. It also takes birds, especially nestlings and eggs, climbing into shrubs and bushes to reach them. Young adders eat worms and spiders as well.1

Common European adder 的照片 — Common European adder。照片：Charles J. Sharp。 CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎麼認出牠

Relatively thick body. Adults are usually about 60 cm long, including the tail.1
Most have a dark zigzag pattern running along the back and tail.1
A dark V or X marking is usually present on top of the head.1
A dark streak runs from the eye to the neck, then continues as spots along the sides.1
Females are usually brown with dark brown markings. Males are a uniform grey with black markings.1

毒液力量

咬

咬的時候，毒液會從毒牙或牙齒出來。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

Bites can be very painful, but they are rarely fatal.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 嚴重被咬了需要看醫生。死亡案例非常罕見。

The adder is not regarded as especially dangerous. It is not aggressive and usually bites only when really provoked, stepped on or picked up. Bites are rarely fatal.1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

When it feels threatened, it usually slips away into the undergrowth. Some snakes, often pregnant females, hiss loudly to warn off danger, and the front of the body is drawn into an S-shape before a strike.1

如果牠咬人

讓傷者保持不動和冷靜，讓被咬的手臂或腿保持在和心臟一樣的高度，取下戒指和緊身的東西，並趕快送醫院。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果被牠咬了：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

牠有多重？

跟 1,5 根香蕉一樣重

跟 2 隻家貓從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 5 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 110 秒內跑完 100 公尺（最快的人類需要 9.6 秒）

Common European adder 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Common European adder 大約 3,4 km/h (2,1 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

It hibernates in winter. In northern Sweden, hibernation lasts 8 to 9 months, and it may come out to bask on mild days, sometimes crossing snow to do so.1

Around 15% of adults and 30 to 40% of juveniles die during hibernation.1

Males and females can often be told apart by colour, which is unusual for snakes.1

In several European countries it is the only native venomous snake.1

It is found farther north than any other snake species.1

破解迷思

迷思： Adders are aggressive snakes that attack people.

真相： Adders are timid. They usually disappear at the slightest hint of danger and bite only when cornered, alarmed, stepped on or picked up.1

給毒液專家

學名: Vipera berus
類群: 蝰蛇
家人: Viperidae2
排序: Squamata
各大洲: 歐洲, 亞洲
寶寶: It gives birth to live young rather than laying eggs. Females breed once every two or three years, and litters range from three to 20 young.1
牠在野外的狀況: Least concern (IUCN Red List), although its population is decreasing. It is protected in many countries, and it is listed as endangered in Switzerland.1
對人的危險: 3 / 5: 嚴重3