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South American rattlesnake

Crotalus durissus

Anaweza kuuaAnaweza kukuua bila matibabu. Akikuuma, tafuta msaada haraka.

KuumwaHula: Nyama

Hatari kwa watu: Hatari sanaAnaweza kumuua mtu asiyepata matibabu.

The South American rattlesnake is a large, highly venomous pit viper. It lives across much of South America, except the Andes Mountains, and also on some Caribbean islands. It is the most widely spread member of its genus, which is why it matters to people in so many places.1

Anaishi

South America except the Andes, including Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay; also some Caribbean islands, including Aruba1

Amerika Kusini

Nyumbani

It prefers savanna and semi-arid areas, and is found in several types of scrub and seasonal forest. In the Chaco region of Paraguay, it lives in the drier, sandier areas.1

Urefu

1.9 m (6.2 ft)1

Kasi ya juu

takriban km 4 kwa saa (maili 2.5 kwa saa)

Nchi kavu, makadirio

Hula nini?

It eats mainly rodents, which are abundant and available all year in most of its range. In some regions it also eats lizards of the Teiidae family.1

Picha ya South American rattlesnake — South American rattlesnake. Picha: Leandro Avelar. CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.

Jinsi ya kumtambua

Two distinct stripes start at the base of the head, and the colour between the lines is lighter than the stripes.1
Body colour and pattern vary, but most have 18 to 32 dark diamond or rhombic spots along the back.1
The head has a dark brown bar at the top and a dark band behind the eye.1
The tail is usually grey, with dark, faint crossed bands.1
The belly is white or yellowish with light grey spots, getting darker towards the tail.1

Nguvu ya sumu

Kuumwa

Sumu hutoka kupitia meno yake ya sumu au meno anapouma.

Sumu yake hufanya nini?

Its venom contains neurotoxins, which attack the nerves, and myotoxins, which damage muscle. These cause progressive paralysis, including impaired or lost vision, hearing problems, drooping eyelids and weakness in the neck muscles, which can become so limp that the head appears broken. Breathing can eventually be stopped by paralysis, and the muscle damage can cause dark urine.1

Ana hatari gani kwa watu?

Hatari kwa watu: Hatari sanaAnaweza kumuua mtu asiyepata matibabu.

It is a highly venomous snake. The mortality rate is 72% for bite cases without specific serum treatment, and 11% for cases with it. Acute kidney failure is considered the main cause of death.1

Habari njema: madaktari wana dawa (ya kuzuia sumu) au matibabu ya hili.1

Hufanya nini akiogopa?

It is highly alert and gives little warning before it strikes, but it is seldom aggressive towards people.1

Akiuma

Specific serum treatment (antivenom) greatly lowers the death rate, so a bite needs urgent hospital care to give it.1
Mweke mtu bila kutikisika na mtulivu, weka kiungo kilichoumwa usawa wa moyo, ondoa pete na vitu vinavyobana, na umpeleke hospitali haraka.

Daima piga namba ya dharura kwanza (112, 000, 911). Huu ni mwongozo wa jumla wa huduma ya kwanza, si ushauri wa kitabibu. Misingi ya huduma ya kwanza

Kaa salama

Kamwe usimguse, kumkamata wala kumchokoza mnyama wa porini, hata akiwa mdogo, na hata akionekana amelala au amekufa.
Mpe nafasi. Ukikutana naye, tulia, rudi nyuma polepole na umwache aende zake.
Akikuuma: tulia, usitikisike, piga namba yako ya dharura (112, 000, 911) au nenda hospitali haraka. Kumbuka alivyoonekana, picha husaidia.

Hakuwindi wewe. Hutumia sumu yake kukamata chakula au kujilinda, na hupendelea zaidi kujificha. Zaidi kuhusu kukaa salama

Wapi duniani?

Afrika Asia Ulaya Amerika Kaskazini Amerika Kusini Australia na Oceania

Ana ukubwa gani?

Ana urefu gani?

urefu sawa na paka wa nyumbani 4 kutoka pua hadi mkiaurefu sawa na ndizi 11 zilizopangwa mstariangeweza kukimbia mita 100 kwa sekunde 90 (binadamu mwenye kasi zaidi anahitaji 9.6)

South American rattlesnake ana ukubwa gani ukilinganisha na WEWE?

Ni hesabu tu kwenye kivinjari chako. Hakuna kinachohifadhiwa wala kutumwa popote.

Ana kasi gani?

Kobe takriban km 0.3 kwa saa (0.19 mph)

South American rattlesnake takriban km 4 kwa saa (2.5 mph)

Mtu anayetembea takriban km 5 kwa saa (3.1 mph)

inafaa kujua

Ukweli

The lethal dose for a 60 kg human is possibly 18 mg, while a snake's venom yield is 20 to 100 mg.1

Crotoxin, a neurotoxin, makes up about 48.5% to 89.4% of the venom proteins in one subspecies, though it is typically 60% to 70%.1

It is the most widely distributed member of its genus, and seven subspecies are currently recognised.1

It is more active at dusk and in the early hours of the morning.1

Males compete for access to females from the end of summer, with mating in autumn and the young born the following spring or summer.1

Kuvunja dhana potofu

Dhana potofu: Yellow venom means the bite damages blood and tissue, and white venom means it attacks the nerves.

Ukweli: Venom colour does not determine the type. Colour depends on pigments in the venom, not on whether it is haemorrhagic or neurotoxic.1

Kwa wataalamu wa sumu

Jina la kisayansi: Crotalus durissus
Kundi: Nyoka njuga
Familia: Viperidae2
Mpangilio: Squamata
Mabara: Amerika Kusini
Watoto: It gives birth to live young (ovoviviparous), usually four to eight at a time. In Roraima, Brazil, gestation has been reported to last five months, with up to 14 young.1
Hatari kwa watu: 4 / 5: Hatari sana3

Ukweli unatoka wapi

Crotalus durissus (Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0))
Crotalus durissus (iNaturalist): majina na uainishaji.
Venom Wiki: kiwango cha hatari, ukubwa wa kawaida na makadirio ya kasi ni yetu wenyewe. Ona jinsi tunavyovipata: Jinsi tunavyopima hatari.

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