Venom Wiki / Dibopiwa tsotlhe / Digwagwa tsa botlhole, digwagwa tse dingwe le dinewt

Nom. 1359 ya 1 402

Alpine salamander

Salamandra atra

Ka ga leina: The species name atra comes from the Latin ater, meaning dull black.1

Ga e na kotsiGa e na kotsi go batho. Ga go na sepe se o tshwanetseng go tshwenyega ka sone.

Digwagwa tsa botlhole, digwagwa tse dingwe le dinewt

Botlhole mo letlalong la yoneE ja: NamaE botlhole go e ama kgotsa go e ja, ga e tsenye botlhole

Kotsi go batho: Kotsi e nnyeJaaka go tlhabiwa ke notshe kgotsa go le kwa tlase. Ga e na kotsi go batho.

The alpine salamander is a dark, slow-moving amphibian that lives high in the mountains of Europe. It spends its whole life on land, sheltering under stones, logs and in rock crevices. It produces toxic compounds from its skin, which help protect it from predators.1

E botlhole go e ama kgotsa go e ja, kgotsa e tsenya botlhole? Diphologolo tse di tsenyang botlhole di bo tsenya ka go loma kgotsa go tlhaba. Diphologolo tse di botlhole go di ama kgotsa go di ja di kotsi fa o di ama kgotsa o di ja. Eno ke e e botlhole go e ama kgotsa go e ja.

E tshela kwa

Alps and mountains of Europe: France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina1

Yuropa

Gae

Alpine salamanders live on land in forests and mountain meadows, usually above 700 metres. They shelter under stones or logs, or in rocky crevices, and they favour forests of silver fir, beech and spruce.1

Boleele

14 cm go ya go 15 cm (5,7 in go ya go 5,9 in)1

Lebelo le le kwa godimo

e ka nna 0,5 km/h (0,31 mph)

Mo lefatsheng, kakanyo fela

E ja eng?

Alpine salamanders eat small invertebrates such as beetles, snails, millipedes and spiders. Beetles and snails make up the most important part of their diet, and they tend to choose larger prey.1

Setshwantsho sa Alpine salamander — Alpine salamander. Setshwantsho: Aah-Yeah. CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

Tsela ya go e lemoga

Usually small and dark brown or black1
Some forms have yellow, golden or white spots or marks on the back and head1
Males have swollen, visible cloacae and are slimmer than females1
Elongated head shape, with glands behind and beside the eyes1
Between 11 and 13 grooves along each side of the body, and a double row of glands down the back1

Gantsi e tlhakanngwa le: Lanza's alpine salamander (Salamandra lanzai) is a similar species that lives in one small area of the western Alps. The Corsican fire salamander (Salamandra corsica) is the alpine salamander's closest related species.1

Maatla a botlhole

Botlhole mo letlalong la yone

Letlalo la yone le botlhole. Go kotsi go e ama, go e latswa kgotsa go e ja.

Botlhole jwa yone (jwa go e ama kgotsa go e ja) bo dira eng?

Alpine salamanders produce toxic compounds from their skin. These compounds may protect them from predators and from microbes.1

E kotsi go le kae go batho?

Kotsi go batho: Kotsi e nnyeJaaka go tlhabiwa ke notshe kgotsa go le kwa tlase. Ga e na kotsi go batho.

E dira eng fa e tshogile?

Their yellow markings are thought to be a warning colour that deters predators, and the pure black colouring may also warn some predators off.1

Fa mongwe a e amile kgotsa a e jele

Fa mongwe a amile e nngwe: tlhatswa diatla sentle mme o se ka wa ama matlho kgotsa molomo. Fa ngwana kgotsa phologolo ya gae e latswitse kgotsa e jele e nngwe: leletsa senthara ya botlhole kgotsa nomoro ya tshoganyetso.

Ka gale leletsa nomoro ya gago ya tshoganyetso pele (112, 000, 911). Se ke kaelo e e akaretsang ya thuso ya ntlha, ga se kgakololo ya bongaka. Motheo wa thuso ya ntlha

Nna o babalesegile

O se ka wa ama, wa tshwara kgotsa wa tshwenya phologolo ya naga, le fa e le e nnye, le fa e lebega e robetse kgotsa e sule.
E fe sebaka. Fa o kopana le yone, ritibala, boela morago ka bonya mme o e tlogele e tsamaye ka tsela ya yone.
Fa o e amile kgotsa o e jele: o se ka wa gotlha matlho kgotsa molomo wa gago, tlhatswa diatla mme o batle thuso ya bongaka.

Ga e go batle. Botlhole jwa yone bo teng fela gore sepe se se ka se e je. Go le gontsi ka go nna o babalesegile

Kae mo lefatsheng?

Aforika Asia Yuropa Amerika Bokone Amerika Borwa Australia le Oceania

E kgolo go le kae?

E telele go le kae?

boleele jo bo lekanang le diboloko tsa go aga tsa ditshamekisi di le 5 mo moleng

Alpine salamander e kgolo go le kae fa e bapisiwa le WENA?

Ke dipalo fela mo sefetleng sa gago (browser). Ga go sepe se se bolokwang kgotsa se se romelwang gope.

E bonako go le kae?

Khudu e ka nna 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Alpine salamander e ka nna 0,5 km/h (0,31 mph)

Motho yo o tsamayang e ka nna 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

go botlhokwa go itse

Dintlha

Alpine salamanders are fully terrestrial, so they never need water to breed. Unlike many salamanders, their young do not develop as larvae in water.1

Young snakes, especially juvenile European adders, are a notable predator. In some locations, alpine salamanders make up just under half of these snakes' diet.1

They mark their territory with faecal pellets. Their scent tells other salamanders whether a pellet was left by a member of the same sex and species, and warns them that the site is already claimed.1

They are very stationary animals. The furthest a tracked individual was seen to travel in one summer was 12 metres.1

Their colour varies a great deal. Some populations are completely black, while others have bright yellow, white or grey spotting.1

Alpine salamanders cannot regulate their own body temperature, so losing a shelter can be extremely costly, and even fatal.1

Ya baitseanape ba botlhole

Leina la saense: Salamandra atra
Setlhopha: Digwagwa tsa botlhole, digwagwa tse dingwe le dinewt
Lelapa: Salamandridae2
Lekoko: Caudata
Dikontinente: Yuropa
Masea: They give birth to live young. Their larvae do not develop in water, because the whole life cycle takes place on land.1
Dingwaga tsa botshelo: e ka nna dingwaga di le 101
Seemo sa yone kwa nageng: Least Concern (IUCN Red List), although their numbers are decreasing and the subspecies S. a. aurorae is declining more quickly1
Kotsi go batho: 1 / 5: Kotsi e nnye3

Kwa dintlha di tswang teng

Alpine salamander (Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0))
Salamandra atra (iNaturalist): maina le thulaganyo ya mefuta.
Venom Wiki: seelo sa kotsi, bogolo jo bo tlwaelegileng le kakanyo ya lebelo ke tsa rona. Bona kafa re di balang ka teng: Kafa re lekanyang kotsi ka teng.

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