Venom Wiki / Dibopiwa tsotlhe / Digwagwa tsa botlhole, digwagwa tse dingwe le dinewt

Nom. 1349 ya 1 402

Pumpkin toadlet

Brachycephalus ephippium

E utlwisa botlhoko felaO se ka wa amaE a utlwisa botlhoko, mme ga e kitla e go gobatsa thata.

Digwagwa tsa botlhole, digwagwa tse dingwe le dinewt

Botlhole mo letlalong la yoneE ja: NamaE botlhole go e ama kgotsa go e ja, ga e tsenye botlhole

Kotsi go batho: E botlhokoE ka utlwisa botlhoko tota, mme go seoka thata gore e nne masisi.

The pumpkin toadlet is a tiny, brightly coloured frog that lives in the leaf litter of the Atlantic rainforests of southeastern Brazil. Adults are bright yellow-orange, a warning sign that their skin and body carry a strong toxin. Scientists have found that the head and back of this frog glow under ultraviolet light.1

E botlhole go e ama kgotsa go e ja, kgotsa e tsenya botlhole? Diphologolo tse di tsenyang botlhole di bo tsenya ka go loma kgotsa go tlhaba. Diphologolo tse di botlhole go di ama kgotsa go di ja di kotsi fa o di ama kgotsa o di ja. Eno ke e e botlhole go e ama kgotsa go e ja.

E tshela kwa

Southeastern Brazil: Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, southeastern São Paulo and southeastern Minas Gerais1

Amerika Borwa

Gae

It lives among leaf litter on the forest floor of Atlantic rainforests, at altitudes of 200 to 1,250 metres. It is active during the day.1

Boleele

1,2 cm go ya go 2 cm (0,5 in go ya go 0,8 in)1

Lebelo le le kwa godimo

e ka nna 2 km/h (1,2 mph)

Mo lefatsheng, kakanyo fela

E ja eng?

It feeds on tiny invertebrates found in the leaf litter.1

Setshwantsho sa Pumpkin toadlet — Pumpkin toadlet. Setshwantsho: Carlos Otávio Gussoni. CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

Tsela ya go e lemoga

Adults are bright yellow-orange.1
Newly hatched young are brown and well camouflaged.1
It is very small, with adults measuring 12.5 to 19.7 mm from snout to vent.1
Females tend to be larger than males.1

Gantsi e tlhakanngwa le: It is closely related to the red pumpkin toadlet (B. pitanga), which also glows under ultraviolet light and shares its inability to hear its own call.1

Maatla a botlhole

Botlhole mo letlalong la yone

Letlalo la yone le botlhole. Go kotsi go e ama, go e latswa kgotsa go e ja.

Botlhole jwa yone (jwa go e ama kgotsa go e ja) bo dira eng?

This frog is poisonous rather than venomous, so it does not inject venom. Its main toxin is 11-oxotetrodotoxin, which is extremely rare in animals, even marine ones, and is four to five times more potent than tetrodotoxin. The toxins are found in the skin and ovaries but are mostly concentrated in the liver.1

E kotsi go le kae go batho?

Kotsi go batho: E botlhokoE ka utlwisa botlhoko tota, mme go seoka thata gore e nne masisi.

E dira eng fa e tshogile?

Its bright yellow-orange colour is a warning display (aposematism) that tells predators it is toxic.1

Fa mongwe a e amile kgotsa a e jele

Fa mongwe a amile e nngwe: tlhatswa diatla sentle mme o se ka wa ama matlho kgotsa molomo. Fa ngwana kgotsa phologolo ya gae e latswitse kgotsa e jele e nngwe: leletsa senthara ya botlhole kgotsa nomoro ya tshoganyetso.

Ka gale leletsa nomoro ya gago ya tshoganyetso pele (112, 000, 911). Se ke kaelo e e akaretsang ya thuso ya ntlha, ga se kgakololo ya bongaka. Motheo wa thuso ya ntlha

Nna o babalesegile

O se ka wa ama, wa tshwara kgotsa wa tshwenya phologolo ya naga, le fa e le e nnye, le fa e lebega e robetse kgotsa e sule.
E fe sebaka. Fa o kopana le yone, ritibala, boela morago ka bonya mme o e tlogele e tsamaye ka tsela ya yone.
Fa o e amile kgotsa o e jele: o se ka wa gotlha matlho kgotsa molomo wa gago, tlhatswa diatla mme o batle thuso ya bongaka.

Ga e go batle. Botlhole jwa yone bo teng fela gore sepe se se ka se e je. Go le gontsi ka go nna o babalesegile

Kae mo lefatsheng?

Aforika Asia Yuropa Amerika Bokone Amerika Borwa Australia le Oceania

E kgolo go le kae?

E telele go le kae?

khutshwane go feta monwana wa gago o monnyee ka taboga dimetara di le 100 ka metsotswana e le 180 (motho yo o bonako go gaisa o tlhoka 9,6)

Pumpkin toadlet e kgolo go le kae fa e bapisiwa le WENA?

Ke dipalo fela mo sefetleng sa gago (browser). Ga go sepe se se bolokwang kgotsa se se romelwang gope.

E bonako go le kae?

Khudu e ka nna 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Pumpkin toadlet e ka nna 2 km/h (1,2 mph)

Motho yo o tsamayang e ka nna 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

go botlhokwa go itse

Dintlha

In 2019, scientists found that the head and back of this frog glow under ultraviolet light because of fluorescent skeletons. Young frogs that have gained adult colours still do not glow.1

Adults cannot hear the frequency of their own calls because their ears are underdeveloped. They communicate with movements such as inflating the vocal sac, gaping the mouth and waving their arms.1

Its main toxin, 11-oxotetrodotoxin, is extremely rare in animals, even in marine species.1

Its young hatch directly into tiny toadlets, skipping the tadpole stage.1

It is among the largest frogs in its genus, Brachycephalus.1

Mosenyi wa ditlhamane

Tlhamane: Its glow under ultraviolet light is a warning signal to predators.

Nnete: Studies suggest this is unlikely. Predators attack the frogs at the same rate whether or not they glow.1

Ya baitseanape ba botlhole

Leina la saense: Brachycephalus ephippium
Setlhopha: Digwagwa tsa botlhole, digwagwa tse dingwe le dinewt
Lelapa: Brachycephalidae2
Lekoko: Anura
Dikontinente: Amerika Borwa
Masea: It breeds by direct development. The female lays a few eggs on land, which hatch into young toadlets with no tadpole stage.1
Seemo sa yone kwa nageng: Not considered threatened1
Kotsi go batho: 2 / 5: E botlhoko3

Kwa dintlha di tswang teng

Pumpkin toadlet (Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0))
Brachycephalus ephippium (iNaturalist): maina le thulaganyo ya mefuta.
Venom Wiki: seelo sa kotsi, bogolo jo bo tlwaelegileng le kakanyo ya lebelo ke tsa rona. Bona kafa re di balang ka teng: Kafa re lekanyang kotsi ka teng.

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