第 1358 號，共 1 402 號

Fire salamander

Salamandra salamandra

只是會痛不要碰會痛，但不會對你造成嚴重傷害。

皮膚裡有毒吃：昆蟲有毒（碰或吃會中毒），不是有毒液

The fire salamander is a black amphibian with bright yellow, and sometimes red or orange, markings. It lives in forests across most of southern and central Europe. Its bright colours warn predators that its skin is poisonous.1

有毒還是有毒液？有毒液的動物會用咬或螫把毒液注入身體。有毒的動物則是碰到或吃下去會有害。這種動物是有毒的（碰或吃會中毒）。

分布在

Most of southern and central Europe, including the Balkans and Spain1

歐洲

首頁

Fire salamanders live in forests, especially deciduous woodland in hilly areas. They hide under fallen leaves, wood, stones and mossy tree trunks. They need small, clean brooks or ponds nearby for their young to develop, and people may meet them in damp woodland, especially in the evening, at night or on rainy days.1

長度

15 cm 到 25 cm (5,9 in 到 9,8 in)1

體重

40 g (1,4 oz)1

最高速度

大約 0,5 km/h（0,31 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

It mainly eats insects, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, earthworms and slugs. It occasionally eats newts and young frogs. It catches small prey with its vomerine teeth or the back of its tongue, to which the prey sticks.1

Fire salamander 的照片 — Fire salamander。照片：Frank Vassen。 CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎麼認出牠

Black with yellow spots or stripes; the amount of yellow varies, and some are almost completely black1
Shades of red or orange may appear, replacing or mixing with the yellow, depending on the subspecies1
Grows to 15 to 25 cm long, making it one of Europe's largest salamanders1
Males and females look very similar, except in the breeding season, when the male has a swollen gland near his vent1

毒素力量

皮膚裡有毒

牠的皮膚有毒。碰、舔或吃牠都很危險。

牠的毒素有什麼作用？

The fire salamander is poisonous rather than venomous, so it does not inject venom with a bite. Its skin secretions contain alkaloid toxins, mainly samandarin, which cause strong muscle convulsions and high blood pressure, combined with fast breathing, in all vertebrates. Another alkaloid, samandarone, has also been found in its skin secretions. The poison comes from glands concentrated around the head and along the back.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 疼痛可能會非常痛，但幾乎從來不會很嚴重。

Some compounds in its skin secretions are potentially dangerous to human life. Touching the animal or handling its skin can expose people to the poison.1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

Its bright yellow, red or orange colours warn predators that it is poisonous, and it releases toxins from its skin glands.1

如果有人碰了或吃了牠

如果有人碰了牠：把手徹底洗乾淨，不要碰眼睛或嘴巴。如果小孩或寵物舔了或吃了牠：打給毒物諮詢中心或打緊急電話。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果你碰了或吃了牠：不要揉眼睛或摸嘴巴，把手洗乾淨，並且就醫。

牠不是想來抓你。牠的毒只是為了不讓別的動物吃掉牠。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

牠有多重？

跟 40 根迴紋針一樣重

跟 8 塊玩具積木排成一排一樣長

Fire salamander 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Fire salamander 大約 0,5 km/h (0,31 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

One fire salamander lived for more than 50 years in Museum Koenig, a natural history museum in Germany.1

Larvae do not make the poison. It develops as the salamander matures, in the ovaries, liver and testes.1

Its skin poison may also help protect it against bacterial and fungal infections of the skin.1

Its bright colours are a warning signal. Scientists call this aposematism, meaning the animal advertises that it is poisonous.1

Some subspecies give birth to live young, while others release larvae into water. Only two subspecies, fastuosa and bernadezi, give birth to fully formed young.1

In captivity, females can store sperm for a long time and use it to produce another clutch of eggs. This has not been seen in the wild.1

給毒液專家

學名: Salamandra salamandra
類群: 箭毒蛙、蟾蜍和蠑螈
家人: Salamandridae2
排序: Caudata
各大洲: 歐洲
寶寶: Eggs develop inside the female, and she puts the larvae into water as they hatch. In some subspecies, the young develop inside the female until she gives birth to fully formed young.1
壽命: 大約 50 年1
牠在野外的狀況: Vulnerable (IUCN Red List, 2023)1
對人的危險: 2 / 5: 疼痛3