第 0318 號，共 1 402 號

Palestine viper

Daboia palaestinae

可能致命不治療的話可能會害死你。如果牠咬了你，要趕快求救。

咬

The Palestine viper is a venomous snake found in the Levant, the region around the eastern Mediterranean. It is considered a leading cause of snakebite within its range, so knowing what it looks like is important. It is also special because it lays eggs, unlike most other vipers.1

分布在

Levant: northern and central Israel, Palestine, western Syria, northwestern Jordan and Lebanon1

亞洲

首頁

It lives in the Mediterranean coastal plains and the inland hills of Lebanon and Israel, along with nearby parts of Syria and Jordan. It is found in a wide range of habitats.1

長度

70 cm 到 1,3 m (2,3 ft 到 4,3 ft)1

最高速度

大約 3,6 km/h（2,2 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

Palestine viper 的照片 — Palestine viper。照片：Zuhair Amr。 CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎麼認出牠

The head is triangular and clearly separate from the neck, covered in small scales.1
The upper body has large dark, diamond-shaped (rhomboid) blotches, sometimes forming a zig-zag pattern.1
It usually measures 70 to 90 cm in total length (body plus tail), and can reach 130 cm.1

常被誤認為： The harmless coin-marked snake lives in the same areas and is similar in length, colouring and defensive behaviour, so people often confuse the two. This resemblance is probably a case of Batesian mimicry, where a harmless animal copies a dangerous one.1

毒液力量

咬

咬的時候，毒液會從毒牙或牙齒出來。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

Its venom contains several groups of active compounds, including neurotoxins (which attack the nerves) and hemorrhagins (which damage blood vessels and cause bleeding). Other compounds include angioneurin growth factors and integrin inhibitors. Its LD50, a standard measure of how toxic a venom is, is 0.34 mg/kg.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

It is considered a leading cause of snakebite within its range. About 0.5% to 2% of people who are bitten die. At least 7 people are reported to have died from its bite in Israel in the 21st century so far.1

好消息：醫生有藥（抗毒血清）或治療方法。1

如果牠咬人

讓傷者保持不動和冷靜，讓被咬的手臂或腿保持在和心臟一樣的高度，取下戒指和緊身的東西，並趕快送醫院。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果被牠咬了：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 2,5 隻家貓從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 7 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 100 秒內跑完 100 公尺（最快的人類需要 9.6 秒）

Palestine viper 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Palestine viper 大約 3,6 km/h (2,2 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

In the 1991 Gulf War, the code phrase "Nahash Tsefa" (Viper Snake) was broadcast on radio and TV to tell Israelis to put on their gas masks during missile attacks from Iraq.1

In 2018 it was chosen as the national snake of Israel, after a public campaign.1

The Israeli Air Force named its Bell AH-1 Cobra helicopter Tzefa, and the IDF's paratroopers battalion #202 is called the Tzefa Battalion.1

Some modern scholars think the tsefa snake mentioned in the Hebrew Bible is this species.1

A list of venomous snakes in the Brooklyn Papyrus, from the first millennium BC in ancient Egypt, probably includes it.1

給毒液專家

學名: Daboia palaestinae
類群: 蝰蛇
家人: Viperidae2
排序: Squamata
各大洲: 亞洲
寶寶: Unlike most vipers, which give birth to live young, it lays eggs around August. The eggs hatch 1.5 to 2 months later, and the young can already bite and kill prey.1
牠在野外的狀況: Least Concern1
對人的危險: 4 / 5: 非常危險3