第 1355 號，共 1 402 號

California newt

Taricha torosa

名字的由來： It is also called the orange-bellied newt, after its bright underside.1

可能致命不要碰不治療的話可能致命。如果有人碰了或吃了牠，要趕快求救。

箭毒蛙、蟾蜍和蠑螈

皮膚裡有毒吃：肉有毒（碰或吃會中毒），不是有毒液

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

The California newt is a small amphibian with a warty grey back and a bright orange-yellow belly. It lives only in California, in the western United States. Its skin contains a powerful poison, so it is a good example of an animal you should look at but never handle.1

有毒還是有毒液？有毒液的動物會用咬或螫把毒液注入身體。有毒的動物則是碰到或吃下去會有害。這種動物是有毒的（碰或吃會中毒）。

分布在

Endemic to California, in the Western United States: the coastal counties and the southern and central Sierra Nevada1

北美洲

首頁

California newts live in woodlands and chaparral near the small ponds and creeks where they breed. During the day they hide under rocks, logs or leaf litter. They travel to ponds, streams and slow-moving water to breed, especially during the wet season.1

長度

13 cm 到 20 cm (5,1 in 到 7,9 in)1

最高速度

大約 0,5 km/h（0,31 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

Its prey includes earthworms, snails, slugs, woodlice, bloodworms, mosquito larvae and crickets. Adults will also eat their own eggs and larvae, and in the Sierra Nevada they eat trout eggs.1

California newt 的照片 — California newt。照片：Ken-ichi Ueda。 CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎麼認出牠

Warty, slate-grey skin on the back1
Bright orange-yellow skin on the underside1
Orange skin around the bottom of the eye (the rough-skinned newt has grey there)1
Eyes that stick out beyond the edge of the jaw when seen from above, giving the head a bullet-like shape1
Adults are about 13 to 20 cm long1

常被誤認為： The rough-skinned newt looks very similar and is often hard to tell apart in the field. The California newt has orange skin around the bottom of the eye and eyes that stick out past the jaw, while the rough-skinned newt has grey skin there and eyes that do not stick out. The red-bellied newt has dark irises instead of yellow, more red underneath, and a dark band across the vent.1

毒素力量

皮膚裡有毒

牠的皮膚有毒。碰、舔或吃牠都很危險。

牠的毒素有什麼作用？

This animal is poisonous, not venomous, so it does not bite or sting. Its skin glands release tetrodotoxin, a neurotoxin (a poison that attacks the nerves). It is hundreds of times more toxic than cyanide and is the same toxin found in pufferfish and harlequin frogs. It is strong enough to kill most vertebrates, including humans.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

The toxin is strong enough to kill people. Because of their toxin, California newts have very few natural predators.1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

When threatened, it performs the unken reflex: it stretches out, arches its body, and lifts its head and tail into the air to show its bright belly. It can also produce a foamy substance when exposed to high temperatures.1

如果有人碰了或吃了牠

如果有人碰了牠：把手徹底洗乾淨，不要碰眼睛或嘴巴。如果小孩或寵物舔了或吃了牠：打給毒物諮詢中心或打緊急電話。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果你碰了或吃了牠：不要揉眼睛或摸嘴巴，把手洗乾淨，並且就醫。

牠不是想來抓你。牠的毒只是為了不讓別的動物吃掉牠。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 6 塊玩具積木排成一排一樣長

California newt 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

California newt 大約 0,5 km/h (0,31 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

Because snakes evolved resistance, newts have evolved to make far more toxin than any other predator could need, an evolutionary arms race.1

The foam the newt produces forms a protective layer that helps it keep moisture and shields it from burns during wildfires.1

Researchers believe bacteria make the tetrodotoxin, and the newts acquire it by eating those bacteria.1

Garter snakes are the most common predator, and some have developed resistance to the newt's toxin.1

Adults usually return to the same pool where they hatched to breed.1

破解迷思

迷思： Newts do not make any sounds.

真相： California newts make clicks, squeaks and whistles. Clicks are the most common, squeaks are used in defence, and whistles seem to be linked to recognising sex and to social rank.1

給毒液專家

學名: Taricha torosa
類群: 箭毒蛙、蟾蜍和蠑螈
家人: Salamandridae2
排序: Caudata
各大洲: 北美洲
寶寶: Females lay egg masses of between 7 and 30 eggs, attached to plant roots or rocks in small, slow-moving pools. The larvae hatch in early to midsummer, depending on water temperature.1
牠在野外的狀況: California Special Concern species (DFG-CSC)1
對人的危險: 4 / 5: 非常危險3