第 1336 號，共 1 402 號

Colorado River toad

Incilius alvarius

需要看醫生不要碰很少致命，但如果有人碰了或吃了牠，要去看醫生。

皮膚裡有毒吃：肉有毒（碰或吃會中毒），不是有毒液

The Colorado River toad is a large toad of the deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is famous for the toxic, mind-altering secretions it releases from glands in its skin when threatened. These secretions can be deadly if swallowed, so it should be left alone.1

有毒還是有毒液？有毒液的動物會用咬或螫把毒液注入身體。有毒的動物則是碰到或吃下去會有害。這種動物是有毒的（碰或吃會中毒）。

分布在

Northwestern Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua) and the southwestern United States, including Arizona and New Mexico1

北美洲

首頁

It lives in desert and semi-arid areas and is semiaquatic. People may find it in streams, near springs, in canals, drainage ditches and under water troughs. It often lives in rodent burrows and is active at night.1

長度

19 cm (7,5 in)1

最高速度

大約 2 km/h（1,2 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

It is an active forager that feeds on invertebrates, lizards, small mammals and amphibians.1

Colorado River toad 的照片 — Colorado River toad。照片：Wildfeuer。 CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎麼認出牠

Olive green or mottled brown colour1
Smooth, leathery skin1
A large golden eye with a horizontal pupil, with a bulging kidney-shaped gland just behind it1
A large circular pale green ear drum area below that gland1
A weak, low-pitched call described as a toot lasting less than a second1

毒素力量

皮膚裡有毒

牠的皮膚有毒。碰、舔或吃牠都很危險。

牠的毒素有什麼作用？

The toad releases poison from glands in its skin, including the large parotoid glands behind the eyes. The poison contains psychoactive compounds, including 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin, which affect the brain. It also contains digoxin-like cardiac glycosides, which act on the heart, and ingesting the poison can be fatal. In one reported case, a young woman who drank a tea made from toad preparation began vomiting and had difficulty breathing soon after, and died about two and a half hours later.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 嚴重如果有人碰了或吃了牠，要去看醫生。死亡案例非常罕見。

The poison is potent enough to kill a grown dog, and dogs that attack toads have been paralysed or killed. Several cases of human poisoning from swallowing toad secretions or eggs have been reported, and at least one death from the ch'an su preparation has been recorded. The toad has also been linked to poisoning and at least one death from the use of related toad preparations as street drugs.1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

When threatened, it releases toxins from glands in its skin.1

如果有人碰了或吃了牠

如果有人碰了牠：把手徹底洗乾淨，不要碰眼睛或嘴巴。如果小孩或寵物舔了或吃了牠：打給毒物諮詢中心或打緊急電話。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果你碰了或吃了牠：不要揉眼睛或摸嘴巴，把手洗乾淨，並且就醫。

牠不是想來抓你。牠的毒只是為了不讓別的動物吃掉牠。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 6 塊玩具積木排成一排一樣長可以在 180 秒內跑完 100 公尺（最快的人類需要 9.6 秒）

Colorado River toad 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Colorado River toad 大約 2 km/h (1,2 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

It is the only toad species in which bufotenin is present in large enough amounts to have a psychoactive effect.1

Raccoons have learned to pull a toad away from water by its back leg, turn it over and feed on its belly, which keeps them away from the poison glands.1

Unlike most vertebrates, it gets most of its water by absorbing it across its belly through a special area of skin called the seat patch.1

A female can lay up to 8,000 eggs.1

It is the largest toad in the United States, apart from the non-native cane toad.1

破解迷思

迷思： Licking or smoking the toad's secretions is a safe way to get high or to treat illness.

真相： Swallowing the secretions has caused poisonings and deaths. Claims about its therapeutic use are unverified, and the US National Park Service has warned people not to handle or lick the toad.1

給毒液專家

學名: Incilius alvarius
類群: 箭毒蛙、蟾蜍和蠑螈
家人: Bufonidae2
排序: Anura
各大洲: 北美洲
寶寶: Females lay eggs in ponds, slow-moving streams, temporary pools or man-made structures that hold water, and can lay up to 8,000 eggs in a long tube of jelly.1
牠在野外的狀況: Listed as threatened in New Mexico and California. A June 2025 study found that persistent trapping in Mexico has decimated several populations and put the species at risk of extinction.1
對人的危險: 3 / 5: 嚴重3