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Caspian cobra 的卡通圖
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Caspian cobra

Naja oxiana
名字的由來： Naja is a Latin form of the Sanskrit word for cobra, and oxiana comes from Oxus, the ancient name of the Amu Darya river.1
致命地球上最致命的動物之一。如果牠咬了你，要立刻求救。快速救援和抗毒血清能救活大多數人。立刻打緊急電話。
眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇 咬吃：肉
對人的危險: 致命世界上最危險的動物之一。

The Caspian cobra is a highly venomous snake that lives in Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Many scientists consider it the most venomous cobra in the world. It is also a strong swimmer and a good climber.1

分布在
Central Asia, Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, Pakistan and far northern India1
亞洲
首頁
It lives in dry, rocky or stony foothills covered with shrubs or scrub, up to about 3,000 m above sea level. It is often found near water and rarely far from it, and it lives in holes in embankments or in trees.1
長度
1 m 到 1,7 m (3,3 ft 到 5,6 ft)1
最高速度
大約 7,5 km/h（4,7 mph）
在陸地上, 粗略估計
牠吃什麼？
It feeds mostly on small mammals and amphibians, and sometimes on fish, birds and their eggs. It also reportedly eats other snakes.1
是真的！Caspian cobra 的照片
Caspian cobra。照片：Omid Mozaffari。 CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎麼認出牠

  • Adults are light to chocolate brown or yellowish, with no hood marks and no spots on the throat.1
  • Juveniles are pale and faded, with dark and light cross-bands of about equal width around the body.1
  • The hood is long and tapers gradually, unlike the rounder hood of some other cobras.1
  • It has several dark bands under the throat.1
  • It is never fully black, although some individuals can be quite dark.1

常被誤認為： The Caspian cobra is often confused with the Indian cobra, and the two live side by side in Pakistan and northern India. Indian cobras without a hood mark look similar. In the black form of the Indian cobra from Pakistan, almost the whole throat is black, while the Caspian cobra has several dark throat bands and is never fully black.1

毒液力量

咬

咬的時候，毒液會從毒牙或牙齒出來。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

Its venom is mainly neurotoxic, meaning it attacks the nerves, and most of the venom is made of short neurotoxins. It also contains cytotoxins, which can kill cells, and enzymes called nucleases, which damage tissue at the bite. Severe pain and swelling appear quickly, and weakness, drowsiness and paralysis of the throat and limbs can appear within an hour. The venom can also affect the heart during the first few hours, and at least one heart attack after a bite has been recorded.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 致命世界上最危險的動物之一。

It is regarded as the most dangerous snake in Central Asia and has a high death rate. Between 1979 and 1987, 136 confirmed bites were attributed to it in the former Soviet Union. Of these, 8 people died after receiving antivenom, and 11 of the 15 who did not receive antivenom died. In Iran, it causes more deaths from snakebite than any other snake in the country. Without treatment, death can come in as little as 45 minutes or be delayed for up to 24 hours.1

好消息：醫生有藥（抗毒血清）或治療方法。1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

It tends to avoid people, but when cornered or provoked it spreads its hood, hisses, sways from side to side and strikes repeatedly.1

如果牠咬人

  • Medical treatment with antivenom is essential, because untreated bites are often fatal. Symptoms can worsen rapidly without treatment, so urgent medical care is needed.1
  • 讓傷者保持不動和冷靜，取下戒指和緊身的東西，並趕快送醫院：抗毒血清就是治療方法。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。 急救基本知識

注意安全

  • 絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
  • 給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
  • 如果被牠咬了：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。 更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

Caspian cobra 大約 1,7 m 長 (5,6 ft)一個大人 大約 1,7 m (5,6 ft)大人的腳踏車 大約 1,8 m (5,9 ft)
跟 3 隻家貓從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 9 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 48 秒內跑完 100 公尺（最快的人類需要 9.6 秒）

Caspian cobra 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

值得知道

小知識

1

Many toxinological studies suggest that the Caspian cobra is the most venomous cobra in the world.1

2

A ribonuclease called ribonuclease V1, purified from its venom, is used as a laboratory reagent in molecular biology because it can break down structured RNA.1

3

It cannot spit venom, but it is a good climber and an able swimmer.1

4

It is the westernmost species of Asiatic cobra, and it can be found at heights of up to about 3,000 m.1

5

For most of the twentieth century it was treated as a subspecies of the Indian cobra, until genetic analysis showed it was a separate species.1

破解迷思

迷思： Caspian cobras are always black, like some Indian cobras.

真相： The Caspian cobra is never fully black. Adults are light to chocolate brown or yellowish, and it has several dark bands under the throat.1

給毒液專家

學名
Naja oxiana
類群
眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇
家人
Elapidae2
排序
Squamata
各大洲
亞洲
對人的危險
5 / 5: 致命3

知識的出處

  1. Caspian cobra (Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0))
  2. Naja oxiana (iNaturalist): 名稱和分類。
  3. Venom Wiki: 危險等級、一般大小和速度估計都是我們自己定的。看看我們是怎麼算出來的： 我們怎麼評估危險.

這一頁的每個知識都有一個數字，指向它的出處。如果我們寫錯了，對不起，我們是動物迷，不是科學期刊。寫信到 [email protected] 告訴我們，我們會修正。

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同一類群的其他動物: 眼鏡蛇、曼巴蛇和環蛇

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也分布在: 亞洲

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