第 1239 號，共 1 402 號

Common stingray

Dasyatis pastinaca

名字的由來： Ancient Greeks called it trygon and Romans called it pastinaca. An old British name, 'fire-flare', may refer to the reddish colour of its meat.1

需要看醫生很少致命，但被螫了需要看醫生。

有毒液的魚

螫吃：肉

對人的危險: 嚴重被螫了需要看醫生。死亡案例非常罕見。

The common stingray is a flat, diamond-shaped ray that lives on sandy or muddy seabeds in shallow coastal waters. It is found in the northeastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. It has a venomous spine on its tail, which can give a very painful sting.1

分布在

Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea1

大西洋, 地中海, 北海

首頁

It usually lives on sandy or muddy bottoms in calm coastal water, usually shallower than 60 m. It often buries itself in the sediment, and is sometimes found near rocky reefs or in estuaries.1

長度

2,5 m (8,2 ft)1

最高速度

大約 19 km/h（12 mph）

游泳, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

It feeds on bottom-dwelling animals such as crustaceans, molluscs, polychaete worms and small bony fishes. It can do great damage to cultured shellfish beds.1

Common stingray 的照片 — Common stingray。照片：Florin DUMITRESCU。 Public domain, Wikimedia Commons.

怎麼認出牠

Diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc that is slightly wider than it is long1
Plain colour: solid grey, brown, reddish or olive-green above, and whitish below with dark fin edges1
Mostly smooth skin; the largest individuals have a row of bony knobs along the middle of the back1
Slender, whip-like tail with a serrated venomous spine about a third of the way along it1

常被誤認為： The blue stingray of southern Africa was once thought to be a variant of this species, but it is a separate species. The common stingray lacks the blue markings of the blue stingray. Tortonese's stingray of the Mediterranean is similar, and the difference between the two is poorly understood.1

毒液力量

螫

毒液從螫針出來。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

The venom comes from a gland at the base of a serrated tail spine. A sting causes an excruciatingly painful wound. It is rarely life-threatening.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 嚴重被螫了需要看醫生。死亡案例非常罕見。

The common stingray is not aggressive, but it can inflict a very painful wound with its tail spine. The wound is rarely life-threatening.1

如果牠螫人

把傷口泡在熱水裡，水溫要在傷者能忍受、又不會燙傷的範圍內（先用你自己的手試水溫），泡 30 到 90 分鐘。要就醫，特別是被石頭魚和魟魚刺傷時。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果被牠螫了：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲大西洋地中海北海

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 2,5 隻狗從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 14 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 9,5 秒內游完一座大游泳池（50 公尺）

Common stingray 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

奧運游泳選手 大約 8 km/h (5 mph)

Common stingray 大約 19 km/h (12 mph)

全速前進的海豚 大約 35 km/h (22 mph)

值得知道

小知識

The tail spine is replaced regularly, and a second or even third spine may be growing in behind the first.1

The largest recorded specimen was found in 2016 in İzmir Province, Turkey, with fins measuring 2.21 m across.1

Welsh fishermen once used its liver oil to treat burns and other injuries, and its liver is a delicacy in French cuisine.1

The oldest known wild individual was ten years old, but the species has lived up to 21 years in captivity.1

破解迷思

迷思： The stingray's spine could kill trees, pierce armour like an arrow, corrode iron and even dissolve stone, as some ancient writers claimed.

真相： The common stingray's wound is painful but rarely life-threatening. These ancient claims about its spine were legends.1

給毒液專家

學名: Dasyatis pastinaca
類群: 有毒液的魚
家人: Dasyatidae2
排序: Myliobatiformes
各大洲: 大西洋, 地中海, 北海, 海洋
寶寶: It is aplacental viviparous, meaning it gives birth to live young. Females bear 4–9 young twice a year in shallow inshore water, after a gestation period of four months.1
壽命: 大約 21 年1
牠在野外的狀況: Vulnerable1
對人的危險: 3 / 5: 嚴重3