第 1174 號，共 1 402 號

Reef stonefish

Synanceia verrucosa

名字的由來： The scientific name verrucosa means "covered with verrucas or warts", which refers to the warty growths all over its body.1

可能致命不要碰不治療的話可能會害死你。如果牠的棘刺刺到你，要趕快求救。

有毒液的魚

有毒液的棘刺吃：肉

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

The reef stonefish is a fish that hides on coral reefs and looks like a rock or piece of coral. It is the most venomous fish in the world, and its venom can kill people. It lives in shallow warm seas across the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific.1

分布在

Red Sea, coastal East Africa, Indian Ocean and western Pacific to French Polynesia, southern Japan and Taiwan. Also found in the far eastern Mediterranean.1

太平洋, 印度洋, 紅海, 安達曼海, 南海, 菲律賓海, 珊瑚海, 阿拉伯海與波斯灣, 帝汶海與阿拉弗拉海, 孟加拉灣

首頁

It lives in shallow tropical waters, in coral reefs. It settles on and around rocks and plants, or rests on the seabed. Its spines have been known to pierce boot soles.1

長度

40 cm (1,3 ft)1

最高速度

大約 2 km/h（1,2 mph）

游泳, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

It eats mostly small fish, shrimp and other crustaceans. It sits motionless on the reef floor and waits for prey to swim past, then engulfs it at great speed. Some have struck prey in 0.015 seconds.1

Reef stonefish 的照片 — Reef stonefish。照片：Ewout Knoester。 CC BY-SA 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎麼認出牠

Usually brown or grey, sometimes with patches of yellow, orange or red.1
Rough, tough skin covered in warts, with no scales.1
Wide, flattened head with small eyes that point upwards.1
Back fin with 12 to 14 spines, all of equal length.1
Its colour and skin texture help it blend in among rocks and corals.1

毒液力量

有毒液的棘刺

尖銳的棘刺帶著毒液。踩到或抓到牠都會很痛。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

Its venom is a mixture of proteins. Effects include severe pain, shock, paralysis and tissue death. A large dose can be fatal, and the fatal protein in this species is verrucotoxin. Stonefish venom can be fatal at a dose of only 18 mg, which six of its thirteen spines can release.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

It is the most venomous fish in the world and its venom can kill humans. A large dose can be fatal, and young children, the elderly and people with weakened immune systems are at greatest risk.1

好消息：醫生有藥（抗毒血清）或治療方法。1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

It relies on camouflage to stay hidden and, when necessary, on its back spines, each with venom sacs at its base.1

如果牠的棘刺刺到你

Immerse the affected limb in hot water, which is thought to help break down the venom proteins. A local anaesthetic can reduce the pain, and medical treatment includes antivenom. A tourniquet or firm constrictive bandage is no longer recommended.1
把傷口泡在熱水裡，水溫要在傷者能忍受、又不會燙傷的範圍內（先用你自己的手試水溫），泡 30 到 90 分鐘。要就醫，特別是被石頭魚和魟魚刺傷時。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果被牠的棘刺刺到：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲太平洋印度洋紅海珊瑚海南海菲律賓海安達曼海阿拉伯海與波斯灣帝汶海與阿拉弗拉海孟加拉灣

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 2 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長跟 12 塊玩具積木排成一排一樣長可以在 90 秒內游完一座大游泳池（50 公尺）

Reef stonefish 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻花園蝸牛 大約 0,05 km/h (0,03 mph)

Reef stonefish 大約 2 km/h (1,2 mph)

一個正在游泳的人 大約 3 km/h (1,9 mph)

值得知道

小知識

It is the most venomous fish in the world.1

It strikes its prey in as little as 0.015 seconds.1

Its spines are sharp and stiff enough to pierce boot soles.1

Only six of its thirteen spines can release a fatal dose of venom.1

It is sold as an aquarium pet and as meat in some markets in southern China, the Philippines and Japan.1

破解迷思

迷思： Tying a tight tourniquet or bandage above a stonefish sting is the best first aid.

真相： This is no longer recommended. Hot water on the affected limb and medical treatment with antivenom are the advised steps.1

給毒液專家

學名: Synanceia verrucosa
類群: 有毒液的魚
家人: Synanceiidae2
排序: Perciformes
各大洲: 太平洋, 印度洋, 紅海, 安達曼海, 南海, 菲律賓海, 珊瑚海, 阿拉伯海與波斯灣, 帝汶海與阿拉弗拉海, 孟加拉灣, 海洋
寶寶: Females lay large, unfertilised eggs on the reef floor, and a male fertilises them by releasing sperm over the eggs. The young hatch well developed.1
對人的危險: 4 / 5: 非常危險3