第 1248 號，共 1 402 號

Cowtail stingray

Pastinachus sephen

需要看醫生很少致命，但被螫了需要看醫生。

螫吃：肉

The cowtail stingray is a large ray that lives in warm coastal seas and sometimes swims up rivers. Its most noticeable feature is a wide, flag-like fold of skin on its tail. It has a venomous spine on its tail, so it should be left alone.1

分布在

Indo-Pacific tropical waters, from South Africa and the Red Sea to Japan and Australia1

印度洋, 太平洋, 紅海, 安達曼海, 珊瑚海, 南海, 阿拉伯海與波斯灣, 帝汶海與阿拉弗拉海, 孟加拉灣

首頁

It is usually found on sandy bottoms in coastal waters and on coral reefs, down to 60 metres. It also enters estuaries and rivers, and is the stingray most often reported from fresh water in Southeast Asia.1

長度

3 m (9,8 ft)1

體重

250 kg (551 lb)1

最高速度

大約 30 km/h（19 mph）

游泳, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

Cowtail stingrays forage alone for bony fishes, crustaceans, polychaete worms, sipunculids and molluscs.1

Cowtail stingray 的照片 — Cowtail stingray。照片：Daniel Benák。 CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎麼認出牠

A large, flag-like fold of skin on the underside of the tail, which is especially prominent when the ray swims1
Grey-brown to black on top and mostly white below1
Black tail fold and tail tip1
A thick, rounded pectoral disc with a blunt snout and very small, widely spaced eyes1
A single venomous spine set well back on the tail1

毒液力量

螫

毒液從螫針出來。

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 嚴重被螫了需要看醫生。死亡案例非常罕見。

The serrated spine is potentially dangerous, and the cowtail stingray is regarded as particularly dangerous to handle.1

牠害怕時會做什麼？

When threatened, it flees at a 45° angle away from the predator, keeping the predator in view while covering distance.1

如果牠螫人

把傷口泡在熱水裡，水溫要在傷者能忍受、又不會燙傷的範圍內（先用你自己的手試水溫），泡 30 到 90 分鐘。要就醫，特別是被石頭魚和魟魚刺傷時。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果被牠螫了：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲太平洋印度洋紅海珊瑚海南海安達曼海阿拉伯海與波斯灣帝汶海與阿拉弗拉海孟加拉灣

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

牠有多重？

跟 12 隻狗一樣重

跟 3 隻狗從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 17 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 6 秒內游完一座大游泳池（50 公尺）

Cowtail stingray 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

奧運游泳選手 大約 8 km/h (5 mph)

Cowtail stingray 大約 30 km/h (19 mph)

全速前進的海豚 大約 35 km/h (22 mph)

值得知道

小知識

A cowtail stingray was recorded in the Ganges River about 2,200 km (1,400 mi) from the sea.1

Resting groups of cowtail stingrays often form a rosette, with their tails pointing outward so they can see threats from every direction.1

Its large, regularly arranged skin bumps have made it a source of shagreen leather since ancient times.1

The cowtail stingray and reticulate whiprays often form mixed-species groups, probably because the whiprays detect predators well thanks to their long tails.1

Its tail fold and tail tip are black, and the tail carries sensors that act as a secondary warning system.1

Newborn cowtail stingrays have completely smooth skin, and their denticles develop quickly after birth.1

給毒液專家

學名: Pastinachus sephen
類群: 有毒液的魚
家人: Dasyatidae2
排序: Myliobatiformes
各大洲: 印度洋, 太平洋, 紅海, 安達曼海, 珊瑚海, 南海, 阿拉伯海與波斯灣, 帝汶海與阿拉弗拉海, 孟加拉灣, 海洋
寶寶: It gives birth to live young. Females giving birth produce young measuring 18 cm across or more.1
對人的危險: 3 / 5: 嚴重3