第 1359 号，共 1 402 张

Alpine salamander

Salamandra atra

名字的由来： The species name atra comes from the Latin ater, meaning dull black.1

无害对人无害。不用担心。

毒蛙、蟾蜍和蝾螈

皮肤里有毒吃：肉碰了或吃了有毒，不注射毒液

对人的危险: 轻微像被蜜蜂蜇一下或更轻。对人基本无害。

The alpine salamander is a dark, slow-moving amphibian that lives high in the mountains of Europe. It spends its whole life on land, sheltering under stones, logs and in rock crevices. It produces toxic compounds from its skin, which help protect it from predators.1

有毒还是有毒液？有毒液的动物通过咬或蜇注入毒液。有毒的动物是碰了或吃了会受害。这一种是碰了或吃了有害的。

生活在

Alps and mountains of Europe: France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina1

欧洲

首页

Alpine salamanders live on land in forests and mountain meadows, usually above 700 metres. They shelter under stones or logs, or in rocky crevices, and they favour forests of silver fir, beech and spruce.1

长度

14 cm到15 cm (5.7 in到5.9 in)1

最高速度

约 0.5 公里/小时（0.31 英里/小时）

在陆地上, 粗略估计

它吃什么？

Alpine salamanders eat small invertebrates such as beetles, snails, millipedes and spiders. Beetles and snails make up the most important part of their diet, and they tend to choose larger prey.1

Alpine salamander的照片 — Alpine salamander。照片：Aah-Yeah。 CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎样认出它

Usually small and dark brown or black1
Some forms have yellow, golden or white spots or marks on the back and head1
Males have swollen, visible cloacae and are slimmer than females1
Elongated head shape, with glands behind and beside the eyes1
Between 11 and 13 grooves along each side of the body, and a double row of glands down the back1

常被误认为： Lanza's alpine salamander (Salamandra lanzai) is a similar species that lives in one small area of the western Alps. The Corsican fire salamander (Salamandra corsica) is the alpine salamander's closest related species.1

毒力

皮肤里有毒

它的皮肤有毒。摸、舔或吃都很危险。

它的毒会造成什么？

Alpine salamanders produce toxic compounds from their skin. These compounds may protect them from predators and from microbes.1

它对人有多危险？

对人的危险: 轻微像被蜜蜂蜇一下或更轻。对人基本无害。

它害怕时会做什么？

Their yellow markings are thought to be a warning colour that deters predators, and the pure black colouring may also warn some predators off.1

如果有人碰了或吃了它

如果有人碰了它：好好洗手，不要碰眼睛或嘴巴。如果孩子或宠物舔了或吃了它：打电话给中毒急救中心或急救电话。

一定先拨打你的急救电话（112、000、911）。这里是一般急救指导，不是医疗建议。急救基础

注意安全

永远不要摸、抓或逗弄野生动物，即使是很小的，即使它看起来在睡觉或已经死了。
给它留出空间。如果遇到它，保持冷静，慢慢后退，让它走自己的路。
如果你碰了或吃了它：不要揉眼睛或嘴巴，洗手并就医。

它不是冲着你来的。它的毒只是为了不被吃掉。更多安全知识

在世界哪里？

非洲亚洲欧洲北美洲南美洲澳大利亚和大洋洲

它有多大？

它有多长？

和 5 块玩具积木排成一排一样长

Alpine salamander和你比起来有多大？

只是在你的浏览器里算一算。什么都不会被保存或发送到任何地方。

它有多快？

一只陆龟 约 0.3 公里/小时 (0.19 mph)

Alpine salamander 约 0.5 公里/小时 (0.31 mph)

一个在走路的人 约 5 公里/小时 (3.1 mph)

值得了解

事实

Alpine salamanders are fully terrestrial, so they never need water to breed. Unlike many salamanders, their young do not develop as larvae in water.1

Young snakes, especially juvenile European adders, are a notable predator. In some locations, alpine salamanders make up just under half of these snakes' diet.1

They mark their territory with faecal pellets. Their scent tells other salamanders whether a pellet was left by a member of the same sex and species, and warns them that the site is already claimed.1

They are very stationary animals. The furthest a tracked individual was seen to travel in one summer was 12 metres.1

Their colour varies a great deal. Some populations are completely black, while others have bright yellow, white or grey spotting.1

Alpine salamanders cannot regulate their own body temperature, so losing a shelter can be extremely costly, and even fatal.1

给毒液专家

学名: Salamandra atra
类别: 毒蛙、蟾蜍和蝾螈
家人: Salamandridae2
排序: Caudata
大洲: 欧洲
宝宝: They give birth to live young. Their larvae do not develop in water, because the whole life cycle takes place on land.1
寿命: 约 10 年1
它在野外过得怎么样: Least Concern (IUCN Red List), although their numbers are decreasing and the subspecies S. a. aurorae is declining more quickly1
对人的危险: 1 / 5: 轻微3