第 1399 号，共 1 402 张

Toxic zoanthid

Palythoa toxica

名字的由来： Its Hawaiian name, limu-make-o-Hana, means 'seaweed of death from Hana', after the Hana district of Maui where it was first found.1

可致命不要触摸不治疗可能致命。如果有人碰了或吃了它，赶快求助。

其他有毒动物

皮肤里有毒碰了或吃了有毒，不注射毒液

对人的危险: 非常危险不治疗可能会害死人。

Palythoa toxica is a small, crust-like sea animal, called a zoanthid, that grows on rocks. It lives in Hawaii and is special because it is the species from which the very poisonous substance palytoxin was first discovered and isolated.1

有毒还是有毒液？有毒液的动物通过咬或蜇注入毒液。有毒的动物是碰了或吃了会受害。这一种是碰了或吃了有害的。

生活在

Native to Hawaii; has been found sporadically throughout the state, first discovered on Maui1

太平洋, 印度洋, 珊瑚海, 菲律宾海, 南海

首页

It was first found in a shallow rock pool about 25 cm deep that received fresh water when heavy rain fell, so it can live in water of changing salt levels. It has also been sold to keepers of reef aquariums, where people have been poisoned by handling it carelessly.1

长度

1.5 cm (0.6 in)3

典型成年个体大小

最高速度

约 0.5 公里/小时（0.31 英里/小时）

游泳, 粗略估计

Toxic zoanthid的照片 — Toxic zoanthid。照片：[1]。 CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎样认出它

It grows as a flat, encrusting layer over rock.1
It has a firm, tough outer covering.1
Its polyps are partly sunk into a cushiony mat that spreads across the rock and contains sand grains and bits of debris.1
Each polyp has a broad mouth disc with a fringe of tentacles.1
Its colour varies but is usually cream, grey or pale brown.1

毒力

皮肤里有毒

它的皮肤有毒。摸、舔或吃都很危险。

它的毒会造成什么？

It is not venomous in the sense of injecting venom with a bite or sting. It contains palytoxin, one of the most poisonous substances known.1

它对人有多危险？

对人的危险: 非常危险不治疗可能会害死人。

Palytoxin is one of the most poisonous substances known, and people have been poisoned by handling this animal in reef aquariums.1

如果有人碰了或吃了它

如果有人吃了它，或吃后出现症状：立刻拨打急救电话或中毒急救中心。

一定先拨打你的急救电话（112、000、911）。这里是一般急救指导，不是医疗建议。急救基础

注意安全

永远不要摸、抓或逗弄野生动物，即使是很小的，即使它看起来在睡觉或已经死了。
给它留出空间。如果遇到它，保持冷静，慢慢后退，让它走自己的路。
如果你碰了或吃了它：不要揉眼睛或嘴巴，洗手并就医。

它不是冲着你来的。它的毒只是为了不被吃掉。更多安全知识

在世界哪里？

非洲亚洲欧洲北美洲南美洲澳大利亚和大洋洲太平洋印度洋珊瑚海南海菲律宾海

它有多大？

它有多长？

比你的小指还短

Toxic zoanthid和你比起来有多大？

只是在你的浏览器里算一算。什么都不会被保存或发送到任何地方。

它有多快？

一只花园蜗牛 约 0.05 公里/小时 (0.03 mph)

Toxic zoanthid 约 0.5 公里/小时 (0.31 mph)

一个在游泳的人 约 3 公里/小时 (1.9 mph)

值得了解

事实

Early Hawaiians used this animal to poison the tips of their weapons, and a legend says warriors could break a taboo and dip their spear tips into its pool when under severe threat.1

In 1961 researchers took specimens from the pool despite local advice, and the laboratories of the Hawaiian Institute of Marine Biology on Coconut Island were destroyed by fire on that same day.1

Palythoa toxica is the species in which palytoxin was first discovered and first isolated.1

Unlike a related species, P. toxica is equally toxic all year round rather than changing with the seasons.1

Palytoxin has also been found in other Palythoa species, some algae, and certain crabs and fish, and it has been suggested that a dinoflagellate in the genus Ostreopsis produces the toxin.1