第 0458 號，共 1 402 號

Mamushi

Gloydius blomhoffii

名字的由來： The specific name blomhoffii honours Jan Cock Blomhoff, who was director of the Dutch trading colony in Nagasaki, Japan, from 1817 to 1824.1

可能致命不治療的話可能會害死你。如果牠咬了你，要趕快求救。

蝮蛇

咬吃：肉

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

The mamushi is a pit viper, a type of snake that has heat-sensing pits between its eyes and nostrils. It lives in Japan, in places such as swamps, meadows and farmland. It matters because its bite is one of the most dangerous of Japan's snakes.1

分布在

Japan only. There is no evidence it occurs in the Ryukyu Islands.1

亞洲

首頁

It lives in swamps, marshes, meadows, open woodland, rocky hillsides and montane rock outcroppings. It is often found in and around farmland because rodents are common there.1

長度

45 cm 到 81 cm (1,5 ft 到 2,7 ft)1

最高速度

大約 3,3 km/h（2,1 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

It is an ambush predator. It waits hidden in vegetation or leaf litter, then eats mainly rodents, along with small birds, lizards and insects.1

Mamushi 的照片 — Mamushi。照片：Alpsdake。 CC BY-SA 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎麼認出牠

Background colour is pale grey, reddish-brown or yellow-brown.1
A series of irregular blotches runs along the body. Each blotch has a black border and often a lighter centre.1
The head is dark brown or black, with beige or pale-grey sides.1
Adults are typically 45 to 81 cm long.1
It has excellent camouflage and often hides among plants or leaf litter.1

常被誤認為： It is similar to the cottonmouths and copperheads (Agkistrodon) of the Americas, and it was long considered part of the same group.1

毒液力量

咬

咬的時候，毒液會從毒牙或牙齒出來。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

Its venom is mostly haemolytic, meaning it breaks down red blood cells. It also contains two neurotoxins, which attack the nerves, and an anticoagulant, which stops blood from clotting. Reported effects include kidney failure, visual disturbances and palsy (paralysis).1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

About 2000 to 3000 people in Japan are bitten by a mamushi each year. Approximately 10 die annually. Severe bites require intensive care, and typical bite victims need about one week of hospital treatment.1

好消息：醫生有藥（抗毒血清）或治療方法。1

如果牠咬人

Treatment is given in hospital. It involves cutting the wound to remove venom and injecting mamushi antivenom. Pregnant women who are bitten have had miscarriages, so medical care is essential.1
讓傷者保持不動和冷靜，讓被咬的手臂或腿保持在和心臟一樣的高度，取下戒指和緊身的東西，並趕快送醫院。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果被牠咬了：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 1,5 隻家貓從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 5 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 110 秒內跑完 100 公尺（最快的人類需要 9.6 秒）

Mamushi 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Mamushi 大約 3,3 km/h (2,1 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

Recovery takes a long time. Bite victims may need several months to fully recover, even after hospital treatment and weeks of follow-up care.1

It is highly resistant to its own venom because its blood contains neutralising factors, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors.1

Its beta-toxin acts before the nerve junction, so anticholinesterase drugs cannot block or treat its effects.1

Its venom contains a peptide called ablomin, which is very similar in amino acid sequence to helothermine, a venom peptide of the Mexican beaded lizard.1

It is considered one of the most venomous snakes in Japan, along with the yamakagashi and the Okinawan habu.1

Its venom varies very little across Japan in either potency or effects.1