第 0387 號，共 1 402 號

Jararaca

Bothrops jararaca

名字的由來： The name jararaca comes from Old Tupi îararaka.1

可能致命不治療的話可能會害死你。如果牠咬了你，要趕快求救。

蝮蛇

咬吃：肉

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

The jararaca is a highly venomous pit viper from South America. It is an important cause of snakebites in the areas where it lives. Its venom also gave scientists a peptide that was used to develop a family of heart and blood pressure drugs.1

分布在

Southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northern Argentina (including Misiones province)1

南美洲

首頁

It mainly lives in dense tropical forests on the Atlantic coast. It also lives in thickets, savannas, semitropical highland forests and cultivated fields. Adults live on the ground, while juveniles also climb in trees.1

長度

1,6 m (5,2 ft)1

最高速度

大約 3,7 km/h（2,3 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

Juveniles mainly eat frogs and arthropods, while adults mostly eat mammals, and about 80% of an adult's diet is rodents. It is an ambush predator, relying on good camouflage to catch prey. Juveniles also wiggle their white tail tip to lure prey, which looks like an insect larva.1

Jararaca 的照片 — Jararaca。照片：Leandro Avelar。 CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.

怎麼認出牠

Slender body. Adults can reach a maximum total length of 160 cm, but most are much shorter.1
Colour varies a lot, from tan, brown, grey, yellow and olive to almost maroon.1
Rows of pale-edged, dark brown, triangular or trapezoidal markings run along each side of the body.1
A prominent dark brown stripe runs from behind each eye to the corner of the mouth.1
Juveniles have a white tip on the tail. The tongue is black and the iris is gold to greenish gold.1

毒液力量

咬

咬的時候，毒液會從毒牙或牙齒出來。

牠的毒液有什麼作用？

The venom is quite toxic and affects blood clotting. Typical effects include local swelling, bruising and blistering of the bitten limb, and bleeding from the gums and into the skin. Serious cases can involve bleeding in the brain, shock and kidney failure.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 非常危險如果沒有治療，牠可能會害死一個人。

In southeastern Brazil, this species caused 52% (3,446 cases) of snakebites recorded between 1902 and 1945, with a fatality rate of 0.7%. Its systemic symptoms can be fatal.1

好消息：醫生有藥（抗毒血清）或治療方法。1

如果牠咬人

Get to a hospital fast. In a recorded case, a patient was treated in hospital with bothropic antivenom and fluid replacement.1
讓傷者保持不動和冷靜，讓被咬的手臂或腿保持在和心臟一樣的高度，取下戒指和緊身的東西，並趕快送醫院。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果被牠咬了：保持冷靜，保持不動，打緊急電話（112、000、911）或趕快去醫院。記住牠的樣子，有照片會很有幫助。

牠不是想來抓你。牠用毒液來捕捉食物或保護自己，而且牠更想躲起來。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 3 隻家貓從鼻子接到尾巴一樣長跟 9 根香蕉頭尾相接一樣長可以在 97 秒內跑完 100 公尺（最快的人類需要 9.6 秒）

Jararaca 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Jararaca 大約 3,7 km/h (2,3 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

The drugs known as ACE inhibitors, used to treat high blood pressure and some types of heart failure, were developed from a peptide found in this snake's venom. Brazilian scientist Sérgio Henrique Ferreira developed them in 1965.1

An enzyme derived from the venom, called haemocoagulase, is used as an anti-haemorrhagic drug, meaning it helps stop bleeding.1

Males mate with more than one female, and males sometimes fight over females.1

給毒液專家

學名: Bothrops jararaca
類群: 蝮蛇
家人: Viperidae2
排序: Squamata
各大洲: 南美洲
寶寶: Females give birth to live young from February to April, on average 10 to 14 offspring per season.1
對人的危險: 4 / 5: 非常危險3