第 1359 號，共 1 402 號

Alpine salamander

Salamandra atra

名字的由來： The species name atra comes from the Latin ater, meaning dull black.1

無害對人無害。不用擔心。

箭毒蛙、蟾蜍和蠑螈

皮膚裡有毒吃：肉有毒（碰或吃會中毒），不是有毒液

對人的危險: 輕微跟蜜蜂螫差不多或更輕微。對人基本上無害。

The alpine salamander is a dark, slow-moving amphibian that lives high in the mountains of Europe. It spends its whole life on land, sheltering under stones, logs and in rock crevices. It produces toxic compounds from its skin, which help protect it from predators.1

有毒還是有毒液？有毒液的動物會用咬或螫把毒液注入身體。有毒的動物則是碰到或吃下去會有害。這種動物是有毒的（碰或吃會中毒）。

分布在

Alps and mountains of Europe: France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina1

歐洲

首頁

Alpine salamanders live on land in forests and mountain meadows, usually above 700 metres. They shelter under stones or logs, or in rocky crevices, and they favour forests of silver fir, beech and spruce.1

長度

14 cm 到 15 cm (5,7 in 到 5,9 in)1

最高速度

大約 0,5 km/h（0,31 mph）

在陸地上, 粗略估計

牠吃什麼？

Alpine salamanders eat small invertebrates such as beetles, snails, millipedes and spiders. Beetles and snails make up the most important part of their diet, and they tend to choose larger prey.1

Alpine salamander 的照片 — Alpine salamander。照片：Aah-Yeah。 CC BY 4.0, iNaturalist.

怎麼認出牠

Usually small and dark brown or black1
Some forms have yellow, golden or white spots or marks on the back and head1
Males have swollen, visible cloacae and are slimmer than females1
Elongated head shape, with glands behind and beside the eyes1
Between 11 and 13 grooves along each side of the body, and a double row of glands down the back1

常被誤認為： Lanza's alpine salamander (Salamandra lanzai) is a similar species that lives in one small area of the western Alps. The Corsican fire salamander (Salamandra corsica) is the alpine salamander's closest related species.1

毒素力量

皮膚裡有毒

牠的皮膚有毒。碰、舔或吃牠都很危險。

牠的毒素有什麼作用？

Alpine salamanders produce toxic compounds from their skin. These compounds may protect them from predators and from microbes.1

牠對人有多危險？

對人的危險: 輕微跟蜜蜂螫差不多或更輕微。對人基本上無害。

牠害怕時會做什麼？

Their yellow markings are thought to be a warning colour that deters predators, and the pure black colouring may also warn some predators off.1

如果有人碰了或吃了牠

如果有人碰了牠：把手徹底洗乾淨，不要碰眼睛或嘴巴。如果小孩或寵物舔了或吃了牠：打給毒物諮詢中心或打緊急電話。

一定要先打緊急電話（112、000、911）。這是一般急救指引，不是醫療建議。急救基本知識

注意安全

絕對不要碰、抓或捉弄野生動物，就算是很小的動物，就算牠看起來在睡覺或已經死了也一樣。
給牠空間。如果遇到了，保持冷靜，慢慢往後退，讓牠自己離開。
如果你碰了或吃了牠：不要揉眼睛或摸嘴巴，把手洗乾淨，並且就醫。

牠不是想來抓你。牠的毒只是為了不讓別的動物吃掉牠。更多安全知識

在世界上的哪裡？

非洲亞洲歐洲北美洲南美洲澳洲與大洋洲

牠有多大？

牠有多長？

跟 5 塊玩具積木排成一排一樣長

Alpine salamander 跟「你」比起來有多大？

只是在你的瀏覽器裡做算術。什麼都不會儲存，也不會傳送到任何地方。

牠有多快？

一隻陸龜 大約 0,3 km/h (0,19 mph)

Alpine salamander 大約 0,5 km/h (0,31 mph)

一個正在走路的人 大約 5 km/h (3,1 mph)

值得知道

小知識

Alpine salamanders are fully terrestrial, so they never need water to breed. Unlike many salamanders, their young do not develop as larvae in water.1

Young snakes, especially juvenile European adders, are a notable predator. In some locations, alpine salamanders make up just under half of these snakes' diet.1

They mark their territory with faecal pellets. Their scent tells other salamanders whether a pellet was left by a member of the same sex and species, and warns them that the site is already claimed.1

They are very stationary animals. The furthest a tracked individual was seen to travel in one summer was 12 metres.1

Their colour varies a great deal. Some populations are completely black, while others have bright yellow, white or grey spotting.1

Alpine salamanders cannot regulate their own body temperature, so losing a shelter can be extremely costly, and even fatal.1

給毒液專家

學名: Salamandra atra
類群: 箭毒蛙、蟾蜍和蠑螈
家人: Salamandridae2
排序: Caudata
各大洲: 歐洲
寶寶: They give birth to live young. Their larvae do not develop in water, because the whole life cycle takes place on land.1
壽命: 大約 10 年1
牠在野外的狀況: Least Concern (IUCN Red List), although their numbers are decreasing and the subspecies S. a. aurorae is declining more quickly1
對人的危險: 1 / 5: 輕微3